REFERENCES

1. Chen, H.; Can Sener, S. E.; Van Emburg, C.; et al. Electric light-duty vehicles have decarbonization potential but may not reduce other environmental problems. Commun. Earth. Environ. 2024, 5, 1608.

2. Speizer, S.; Fuhrman, J.; Aldrete Lopez, L.; et al. Integrated assessment modeling of a zero-emissions global transportation sector. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 4439.

3. Crabtree, G. The coming electric vehicle transformation. Science 2019, 366, 422-4.

4. China Association of Automobile Manufacturers. China Association of Automobile Manufacturers Information Conference. 2024. Available from: https://travel.sohu.com/a/751369426_430289 [Last accessed on 14 Mar 2025].

5. Rahman, S.; Khan, I. A.; Khan, A. A.; Mallik, A.; Nadeem, M. F. Comprehensive review & impact analysis of integrating projected electric vehicle charging load to the existing low voltage distribution system. Renew. Sustain. Energy. Rev. 2022, 153, 111756.

6. World Resources Institute. How do electric vehicles friendly interact with the electric grid: quantifying the grid impacts from large adoption of electric vehicles in China. 2019. Available from: https://wri.org.cn/sites/default/files/2021-11/quantifying-grid-impacts-large-adoption-electric-vehicles-china-CN.pdf [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

7. Hashim, M. S.; Yong, J. Y.; Ramachandaramurthy, V. K.; Tan, K. M.; Mansor, M.; Tariq, M. Priority-based vehicle-to-grid scheduling for minimization of power grid load variance. J. Energy. Storage. 2021, 39, 102607.

8. Wei, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Hua, W.; Jing, R.; Zhou, Y. Planning integrated energy systems coupling V2G as a flexible storage. Energy 2022, 239, 122215.

9. V2G global roadtrip: around the world in 50 projects. 2018. Available from: https://everoze.com/v2g-global-roadtrip/ [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

10. Qin, Y.; Rao, Y.; Xu, Z.; et al. Toward flexibility of user side in China: virtual power plant (VPP) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction. eTransportation 2023, 18, 100291.

11. Yao, X.; Fan, Y.; Zhao, F.; Ma, S. Economic and climate benefits of vehicle-to-grid for low-carbon transitions of power systems: a case study of China’s 2030 renewable energy target. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 330, 129833.

12. Wohlschlager, D.; Kigle, S.; Schindler, V.; Neitz-Regett, A.; Fröhling, M. Environmental effects of vehicle-to-grid charging in future energy systems - A prospective life cycle assessment. Appl. Energy. 2024, 370, 123618.

13. Sioshansi, R.; Denholm, P. Emissions impacts and benefits of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid services. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 1199-204.

14. Liang, H.; Liu, Y.; Li, F.; Shen, Y. Dynamic economic/emission dispatch including PEVs for Peak shaving and valley filling. IEEE. Trans. Ind. Electron. 2019, 66, 2880-90.

15. Ali, H.; Hussain, S.; Khan, H. A.; Arshad, N.; Khan, I. A. . Economic and Environmental Impact of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration in an intermittent utility grid. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Smart Power & Internet Energy Systems (SPIES); 15-18 September 2020; Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 345-9.

16. Wang, Z.; Jochem, P.; Yilmaz, H. Ü.; Xu, L. Integrating vehicle-to-grid technology into energy system models: Novel methods and their impact on greenhouse gas emissions. J. Ind. Ecol. 2022, 26, 392-405.

17. Noori, M.; Zhao, Y.; Onat, N. C.; Gardner, S.; Tatari, O. Light-duty electric vehicles to improve the integrity of the electricity grid through vehicle-to-grid technology: analysis of regional net revenue and emissions savings. Appl. Energy. 2016, 168, 146-58.

18. Denholm, P.; Kulcinski, G. L. Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems. Energy. Convers. Manag. 2004, 45, 2153-72.

19. Fares, R. L.; Webber, M. E. The impacts of storing solar energy in the home to reduce reliance on the utility. Nat. Energy. 2017, 2, 20171.

20. Schmidt, T. S.; Beuse, M.; Zhang, X.; et al. Additional Emissions and cost from storing electricity in stationary battery systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 3379-90.

21. Hittinger, E. S.; Azevedo, I. M. Bulk energy storage increases United States electricity system emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 3203-10.

22. Bañol Arias, N.; Hashemi, S.; Andersen, P. B.; Træholt, C.; Romero, R. Assessment of economic benefits for EV owners participating in the primary frequency regulation markets. Int. J. Electr. Power. Energy. Syst. 2020, 120, 105985.

23. Brivio, C.; Mandelli, S.; Merlo, M. Battery energy storage system for primary control reserve and energy arbitrage. Sustain. Energy. Grids. Netw. 2016, 6, 152-65.

24. Economic Analysis of Battery Energy Storage Systems. 2020. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/74e7025c-ec3c-5c23-8816-1e10d32a327a/content [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

25. Srithapon, C.; Ghosh, P.; Siritaratiwat, A.; Chatthaworn, R. Optimization of electric vehicle charging scheduling in urban village networks considering energy arbitrage and distribution cost. Energies 2020, 13, 349.

26. Yang, S.; Cheng, H.; Wang, M.; et al. Multi-scale battery modeling method for fault diagnosis. Automot. Innov. 2022, 5, 400-14.

27. Huijbregts, M. A. J.; Steinmann, Z. J. N.; Elshout, P. M. F.; et al. ReCiPe2016: a harmonised life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level. Int. J. Life. Cycle. Assess. 2017, 22, 138-47.

28. Battke, B.; Schmidt, T. S.; Grosspietsch, D.; Hoffmann, V. H. A review and probabilistic model of lifecycle costs of stationary batteries in multiple applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy. Rev. 2013, 25, 240-50.

29. MarkLines. Automotive industry portal 2023. Available from: https://www.marklines.com/portal_top_en.html [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

30. Deng, Y.; Hao, H.; Jia, C. Exploring the potential of cutting battery use in electric vehicles. Clean. Technol. Environ. Policy. 2024, 26, 367-79.

31. Hao, X.; Wang, H.; Lin, Z.; Ouyang, M. Seasonal effects on electric vehicle energy consumption and driving range: A case study on personal, taxi, and ridesharing vehicles. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 249, 119403.

32. SMM data. China’s commercial and industrial electricity prices in 2023-2024. Available from: https://data-pro.smm.cn/ [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

33. Dai, Q.; Dunn, J.; Kelly, J.; Elgowainy, A. . Update of life cycle analysis of lithium-ion batteries in the GREET model. Argonne National Laboratory; 2017. Available from: https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-Li_battery_update_2017 [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

34. Dai, Q.; Kelly, J. C.; Dunn, J.; Benavides, P. . Update of Bill-of-materials and Cathode Materials Production for Lithium-ion Batteries in the GREET® Model; 2018. Available from: https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-update_bom_cm [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

35. Dai, Q.; Winjobi, O. . Updates for battery recycling and materials in GREET 2019. Available from: https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-battery_recycling_materials_2019 [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

36. ECOINVENT. Data with purpose. Ecoinvent is a trusted global resource for environmental data. Available from: https://ecoinvent.org/ [Last accessed on 14 Mar 2025].

37. Cai, B.; Zhao, L.; Zhang, Z.; Lu, X.; Jia, M.; et al. . China Regional Power Grids Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors. 2023. Available from: http://www.caep.org.cn/sy/tdftzhyjzx/zxdt/202310/t20231027_1044179.shtml [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

38. Chinese administrative divisions (GS(2024)0650) 2025. Available from: https://cloudcenter.tianditu.gov.cn/administrativeDivision [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

39. International Energy Agency. Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions; 2024. Available from: https://www.iea.org/reports/batteries-and-secure-energy-transitions [Last accessed on 13 Mar 2025].

Carbon Footprints
ISSN 2831-932X (Online)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/