fig1
Figure 1. Pathophysiological interplay between PD and T2DM. Schematic representation summarizing the overlapping mechanisms between PD and T2DM, including mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The figure also highlights the compounded clinical manifestations observed when both conditions coexist [Created in BioRender. Robls, E. (2025)]. PD: Parkinson’s disease; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
