REFERENCES
1. Mortimer F, Isherwood J, Wilkinson A, Vaux E. Sustainability in quality improvement: redefining value. Future Healthc J. 2018;5:88-93.
2. MacNeill AJ, McGain F, Sherman JD. Planetary health care: a framework for sustainable health systems. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5:e66-8.
3. Bolten A, Kringos DS, Spijkerman IJB, Sperna Weiland NH. The carbon footprint of the operating room related to infection prevention measures: a scoping review. J Hosp Infect. 2022;128:64-73.
4. NHS England. Millions to benefit from NHS robot drive. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2025/06/millions-to-benefit-from-nhs-robot-drive/. [Last accessed on 24 Aug 2026].
5. Papadopoulou A, Kumar NS, Vanhoestenberghe A, Francis NK. Environmental sustainability in robotic and laparoscopic surgery: systematic review. Br J Surg. 2022;109:921-32.
6. Cunha MF, Neves JC, Roseira J, Pellino G, Castelo-Branco P. Green surgery: a systematic review of the environmental impact of laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotics. Updates Surg. 2025;77:1683-92.
7. Fuschi A, Pastore AL, Al Salhi Y, et al. The impact of radical prostatectomy on global climate: a prospective multicentre study comparing laparoscopic versus robotic surgery. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2024;27:272-8.
8. Okada T, Tanaka S, Sada R, Shinkawa H, Kimura K, Ishizawa T. Carbon footprint in hepatectomy increases as the approach shifts from open to laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery. Asian J Endosc Surg. 2026;19:e70319.
9. Aldoori J, Hartley J, MacFie J. Sustainable surgery: in and out of the operating theatre. Br J Surg. 2021;108:e219-20.
10. Ilic D, Evans SM, Allan CA, Jung JH, Murphy D, Frydenberg M. ; Cochrane Urology Group. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD009625.
11. Jayne D, Pigazzi A, Marshall H, et al. Effect of robotic-assisted vs conventional laparoscopic surgery on risk of conversion to open laparotomy among patients undergoing resection for rectal cancer: the ROLARR randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318:1569-80.
12. Intuitive Surgical. 2025 Intuitive Corporate Impact Report. Available from: https://www.intuitive.com/en-us/about-us/company/cir. [Last accessed on 24 Aug 2026].
13. Rizan C, Bhutta MF. Environmental impact and life cycle financial cost of hybrid (reusable/single-use) instruments versus single-use equivalents in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2022;36:4067-78.
14. Johnson & Johnson MedTech. Johnson & Johnson MedTech introduces recycling for all single-use products, taking next step towards becoming the sustainable healthcare partner of choice. Available from: https://www.jnjmedtech.com/en-GB/news-events/johnson-johnson-medtech-introduces-recycling-all-single-use-products-taking-next-step. [Last accessed on 24 Aug 2026].
15. Bellini V, Russo M, Domenichetti T, Panizzi M, Allai S, Bignami EG. Artificial intelligence in operating room management. J Med Syst. 2024;48:19.
16. Spence C, Shah OA, Cebula A, et al. Machine learning models to predict surgical case duration compared to current industry standards: scoping review. BJS Open. 2023;7:zrad113.
17. Strömblad CT, Baxter-King RG, Meisami A, et al. Effect of a predictive model on planned surgical duration accuracy, patient wait time, and use of presurgical resources: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2021;156:315-21.
18. Demir KC, Schieber H, Weise T, et al. Deep learning in surgical workflow analysis: a review of phase and step recognition. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2023;27:5405-17.
19. Reynolds DJ. Carbon reporting practices in the NHS: emissions and omissions relating to artificial intelligence. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e79174.
