fig5

Figure 5. Overview of machine learning applications in transplant oncology (2021-2024). (A) Distribution of studies across subcategories (HCC Malignancy type, HCC Waitlist dropout, Recurrence), with recurrence being the predominant focus area; (B) Algorithm types used by category (linear, neural networks, non-linear, tree-based methods), showing strong preference for neural networks particularly in recurrence prediction; (C) High performance metrics comparison across categories using multiple measures (Accuracy, AUC, C-index); and (D) Distribution of data types utilized (histology, radiology, tabular), highlighting extensive use of tabular data especially in recurrence studies along with increase in use of radiology and histology data. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; AUC: area under the curve.