fig1

Figure 1. (A) Evolution of scientific discovery paradigms and (B) Historical development of SEs, reproduced with permission from Refs.^[6,12-16]. Copyright 2011, Springer Nature; 2007, 2018, Wiley-VCH; 2012, American Chemical Society; 2025, AAAS. DFT: Density functional theory; MD: molecular dynamics; CINEB: climbing image nudged elastic band; AIMD: ab initio molecular dynamics; AI: artificial intelligence; RAG: retrieval-augmented generation; NASICON: sodium superionic conductor; LLTO: Li_3xLa_2/3-xTiO₃; LLZO: Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂; LLMO: Li₅La₃M₂O₁₂; LGPS: Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂; SE: solid electrolyte.