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From: From large language models to AI agents in energy materials research: enabling discovery, design, and automation

Figure 4. Architectural evolution and autonomy spectrum of AI agents, from single-agent tool use to multi-agent collaboration and fully autonomous self-driving laboratories. AI: Artificial intelligence; LLM: large language model; FAISS: Facebook AI similarity search; API: application programming interface; ROS: robot operating system; OPC-UA: open platform communications unified architecture.