fig3

From: Hydrothermal carbonization of agri-food waste to carbon dot nanofluids

Figure 3. Schematic of the data-driven synthesis and nanofluid formulation framework integrating DoE, RSM, and ML approaches for AFW-derived carbon. DoE: design of experiment; ANN: artificial neural network; AFW: agri-food waste; HTC: hydrothermal carbonization; RSM: response surface methodology; BBD: Box-Behnken Design; CCD: Central Composite Design; XGBoost: extreme gradient boosting; ML: machine learning.