REFERENCES
1. Khan A, Yadlapati R, Gonlachanvit S, et al. Chicago classification update (version 4.0): technical review on diagnostic criteria for achalasia. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021;33:e14182.
2. Salvador R, Voltarel G, Savarino E, et al. The natural history of achalasia: evidence of a continuum-“The evolutive pattern theory”. Dig Liver Dis 2018;50:342-7.
3. Pandolfino JE, Kwiatek MA, Nealis T, Bulsiewicz W, Post J, Kahrilas PJ. Achalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1526-33.
4. Salvador R, Costantini M, Zaninotto G, et al. The preoperative manometric pattern predicts the outcome of surgical treatment for esophageal achalasia. J Gastrointest Surg 2010;14:1635-45.
5. Ou YH, Nie XM, Li LF, Wei ZJ, Jiang B. High-resolution manometric subtypes as a predictive factor for the treatment of achalasia: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Dig Dis 2016;17:222-35.
6. Sauer L, Pellegrini CA, Way LW. The treatment of achalasia. A current perspective. Arch Surg 1989;124:929-31; discussion 931.
7. Pellegrini C, Wetter LA, Patti M, et al. Thoracoscopic esophagomyotomy. Initial experience with a new approach for the treatment of achalasia. Ann Surg 1992;216:291-6; discussion 296.
8. Patti M. Comparison of thoracoscopic and laparoscopic heller myotomy for achalasia. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery ;2:561-6.
9. Richards WO, Torquati A, Holzman MD, et al. Heller myotomy versus Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication for achalasia: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann Surg 2004;240:405-12; discussion 412.
10. Schlottmann F, Luckett DJ, Fine J, Shaheen NJ, Patti MG. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy versus peroral endoscopic myotomy (poem) for achalasia: a systematic Review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2018;267:451-60.
11. Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, des Varannes SB, et al. European achalasia trial investigators. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1807-16.
12. Moonen A, Annese V, Belmans A, et al. Long-term results of the European achalasia trial: a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Gut 2016;65:732-9.
13. Inoue H, Minami H, Kobayashi Y, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for esophageal achalasia. Endoscopy 2010;42:265-71.
14. Kumbhari V, Familiari P, Bjerregaard NC, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux after peroral endoscopic myotomy: a multicenter case-control study. Endoscopy 2017;49:634-42.
15. Campagna RAJ, Cirera A, Holmstrom AL, et al. Outcomes of 100 patients more than 4 years after poem for achalasia. Ann Surg 2021;273:1135-40.
16. Werner YB, Hakanson B, Martinek J, et al. Endoscopic or surgical myotomy in patients with idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2219-29.
17. Kumbhari V, Tieu AH, Onimaru M, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) vs laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) for the treatment of Type III achalasia in 75 patients: a multicenter comparative study. Endosc Int Open 2015;3:E195-201.
18. Salvador R, Provenzano L, Capovilla G, et al. Extending Myotomy Both Downward and Upward Improves the Final Outcome in Manometric Pattern III Achalasia Patients. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2020;30:97-102.
19. Familiari P, Gigante G, Marchese M, et al. Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy for esophageal achalasia: outcomes of the first 100 patients with short-term follow-up. Ann Surg 2016;263:82-7.
20. Werner YB, Costamagna G, Swanström LL, et al. Clinical response to peroral endoscopic myotomy in patients with idiopathic achalasia at a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Gut 2016;65:899-906.
21. Sanaka MR, Thota PN, Parikh MP, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy leads to higher rates of abnormal esophageal acid exposure than laparoscopic Heller myotomy in achalasia. Surg Endosc 2019;33:2284-92.
22. Patti MG, Schlottmann F, Herbella FAM. Esophageal achalasia: evaluation and treatment of recurrent symptoms. World J Surg 2022; doi: 10.1007/s00268-022-06466-4.
23. Melvin WS, Needleman BJ, Krause KR, Wolf RK, Michler RE, Ellison EC. Computer-assisted robotic Heller myotomy: initial case report. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2001;11:251-3.
