REFERENCES
1. Malhotra GK, Yanala U, Ravipati A, Follet M, Vijayakumar M, et al. Global trends in esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2017;115:564-79.
2. Mariette C, Markar SR, Dabakuyo-Yonli TS, Meunier B, Pezet D. Hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2019;380:152-62.
3. American Cancer Society. Key Statistics for Lung Cancer. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-small-cell-lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html [Last accessed on 13 May 2020].
5. Giugliano DN, Berger AC, Rosato EL, Palazzo F. Total minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: approaches and outcomes. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2016;401:747-56.
6. Sabra MJ, Smotherman C, Kraemer DF, Nussbaum MS, Tepas JJ Rd, et al. The effects of neoadjuvant therapy on morbidity and mortality of esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: American college of surgeons national surgical quality improvement program (ACS-NSQIP) 2005-2012. J Surg Oncol 2017;115:296-300.
7. Taurchini M, Cuttitta A. Minimally invasive and robotic esophagectomy: state of the art. J Vis Surg 2017;3:125.
8. Schumer E, Perry K, Melvin WS. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: evolution and review. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2012;22:383-6.
9. Tagkalos E, Goense L, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Ruurda JP, Babic B, et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) compared to conventional minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for esophageal cancer: a propensity-matched analysis. Dis Esophagus 2020;33:doz060.
10. Torek F. The causes of failure in the operative treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg 1929;90:496-506.
11. Kauppila JH, Xie S, Johar A, Markar SR, Lagergren P. Meta-analysis of health-related quality of life after minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg 2017;104:1131-40.
12. Glatz T, Marjanovic G, Kulemann B, Sick O, Hopt UT, et al. Hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy vs. open esophagectomy: a matched case analysis in 120 patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2017;402:323-31.
14. Karamanou M, Markatos K, Papaioannou TG, Zografos G, Androutsos G. Hallmarks in history of esophageal carcinoma. J BUON 2017;22:1088-1091.
15. Lewis I. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus; with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third. Br J Surg 1946;34:18-31.
16. McKeown KC. Total three-stage oesophagectomy for cancer of the oesophagus. Br J Surg 1976;63:259-62.
17. Orringer MB, Sloan H. Esophagectomy without thoracotomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;76:643-54.
18. Rindani R, Martin CJ, Cox MR. Transhiatal versus Ivor-Lewis oesophagectomy: is there a difference? Aust N Z J Surg 1999;69:187-94.
19. Homesh NA, Alsabahi AA, Al-Agmar MH, Alwashaly AA, Valenzuela RE. Transhiatal versus transthoracic resection for oesophageal carcinoma in Yemen. Singapore Med J 2006;47:54-9.
20. Shichinohe T, Hirano S, Kondo S. Video-assisted esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Today 2008;38:206-13.
21. Booka E, Takeuchi H, Kikuchi H, Hiramatsu Y, Kamiya K. Recent advances in thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Asian J Endosc Surg 2019;12:19-29.
22. Dallemagne B, Weerts JM, Jehaes C, Markiewicz S, Lombard R. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: preliminary report. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1991;1:138-43.
23. Cuschieri A, Shimi S, Banting S. Endoscopic oesophagectomy through a right thoracoscopic approach. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1992;37:7-11.
24. Cuschieri A. Endoscopic subtotal oesophagectomy for cancer using the right thoracoscopic approach. Surg Oncol 1993;2:3-11.
25. Collard JM, Lengele B, Otte JB, Kestens PJ. En bloc and standard esophagectomies by thoracoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:675-9.
26. DePaula AL, Hashiba K, Ferreira EA, de Paula RA, Grecco E. Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy with esophagogastroplasty. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1995;5:1-5.
27. Murthy RA, Clarke NS, Kernstine KH Sr. Minimally invasive and robotic esophagectomy: a review. Innovations (Phila) 2018;13:391-403.
28. Levy RM, Trivedi D, Luketich JD. Minimally invasive esophagectomy. Surg Clin North Am 2012;92:1265-85.
29. Levy RM, Pennathur A, Luketich JD. Randomized trial comparing minimally invasive esophagectomy and open esophagectomy: early perioperative outcomes appear improved with a minimally invasive approach. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;24:153-4.
30. Luketich JD, Pennathur A, Awais O, Levy RM, Keeley S, et al. Outcomes after minimally invasive esophagectomy: review of over 1000 patients. Ann Surg 2012;256:95-103.
31. Suzuki Y, Urashima M, Ishibashi Y, Abo M, Omura N, et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery (HALTS) in radical esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005;31:1166-74.
32. Oshikiri T, Takiguchi G, Miura S, Takase N, Hasegawa H, et al. Current status of minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: Is it truly less invasive?. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2018;3:138-45.
33. Biere SS, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Maas KW, Bonavina L, Rosman C, et al. Minimally invasive versus open oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal cancer: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;379:1887-92.
34. Seesing MFJ, Gisbertz SS, Goense L, van Hillegersberg R, Kroon HM, et al. A Propensity Score Matched Analysis of Open Versus Minimally Invasive Transthoracic Esophagectomy in the Netherlands. Ann Surg 2017;266:839-46.
35. Mamidana R, Bottle A, Aylin P, Faiz O, Hanna GB. Short-term outcomes following open versus minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer in England: a population-based national study. Ann Surg 2012;255:197-203.
36. Nozaki I, Kato K, Igaki H, Ito Y, Daiko H, et al. Evaluation of safety profile of thoracoscopic esophagectomy for T1bN0M0 cancer using data from JCOG0502: a prospective multicenter study. Surg Endosc 2015;29:3519-26.
37. Takeuchi H, Miyata H, Ozawa S, Udagawa H, Osugi H, et al. Comparison of Short-Term Outcomes Between Open and Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer Using a Nationwide Database in Japan. Ann Surg Oncol 2017;24:1821-27.
38. Melvin WS, Needleman BJ, Krause KR, Schneider C, Wolf RK, et al. Computer-enhanced robotic telesurgery. Initial experience in foregut surgery. Surg Endosc 2002;16:1790-2.
39. Kernstine KH, DeArmond DT, Karimi M, Van Natta TL, Campos JH, et al. The robotic, 2-stage, 3-field esophagolymphadenectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:1847-9.
40. Kernstine KH, DeArmond DT, Shamoun DM, Campos JH. The first series of completely robotic esophagectomies with three-field lymphadenectomy: initial experience. Surg Endosc 2007;21:2285-92.
41. Dunn DH, Johnson EM, Morphew JA, Dilworth HP, Krueger JL, et al. Robotic-assisted transhiatal esophagectomy: a 3-year single center experience. Dis esophagus 2013;26:159-66.
43. Decker G, Coosemans W, De Leyn P, Decaluwé H, Nafteux P, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;35:13-20. discussion 20-1
44. Claassen L, van Workum F, Rosman C. Learning curve and postoperative outcomes of minimally invasive esophagectomy. J Thorac Dis 2019;11:S777-85.
45. Park SY, Kim DJ, Kang DR, Haam SJ. Learning curve for robotic esophagectomy and dissection of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes for esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2017;30:1-9.
46. Zhang H, Chen L, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Geng Y. The learning curve for robotic McKeown Esophagectomy in Patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2018;105:1024-30.
47. Park S, Hyun K, Lee HJ, Park IK, Kim YT, et al. A study of the learning curve for robotic oesophagecotmy for oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2018;53:862-70.
48. Giulianotti PC, Coratti A, Angelini M, Sbrana F, Cecconi S, et al. Robotics in general surgery: personal experience in a large community hospital. Arch Surg 2003;138:777-84.
49. Horgan S, Berger RA, Elli EF, Espat NJ. Robotic-assisted minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy. Am Surg 2003;69:624-6.
50. Bodner JC, Zitt M, Ott H, Wetscher GJ, Wykypiel H, et al. Robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS) for benign and malignant esophageal tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:1202-6.
51. Ruurda JP, Draaisma WA, van Hillegersberg R, Borel Rinkes IHM, Gooszen HG, et al. Robot-assisted endoscopic surgery: a four-year single-center experience. Dig Surg 2005;22:313-20.
52. Dapri G, Himpens J, Cadiere GB. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy with the patient in the prone position. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2006;16:278-85.
53. Espat NJ, Jacobsen G, Horgan S, Donahue P. Minimally invasive treatment of esophageal cancer: laparoscopic staging to robotic esophagectomy. Cancer J 2005;11:10-7.
54. van Hillegersberg R, Boone J, Draaisma WA, Broeders IA, Giezeman MJ, et al. First experience with robot-assisted thoracoscopic esophagolymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc 2006;20:1435-9.
55. Anderson C, Hellan M, Kernstine K, Ellenhorn J, Lai L, et al. Robotic surgery for gastrointestinal malignancies. Int J Med Robot Comput Assist Surg 2007;3:297-300.
56. Braumann C, Jacobi CA, Menenakos C, Ismail M, Rueckert JC, et al. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery with the da Vinci system: a 4-year experience in a single institution. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2008;18:260-6.
57. Galvani CA, Gorodner MV, Moser F. Robotically assisted laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy. Surg Endosc 2008;22:188-95.
58. Boone J, Schipper ME, Moojen WA, Borel Rinkes IHM, Cromheecke GJ, et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic oesophagectomy for cancer. Br J Surg 2009;96:878-86.
59. Kim DJ, Hyung WJ, Lee CY, Lee JG, Haam SJ, et al. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: feasibility and safety of robotic assistance in the prone position. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:53-9.
60. Puntambekar SP, Rayate N, Joshi S, Agarwal G. Robotic transthoracic esophagectomy in the prone position: experience with 32 patients with esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;142:1283-4.
61. Suda K, Ishida Y, Kawamura Y, Inaba K, Kanaya S, et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic lymphadenectomy along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the prone position: technical report and short-term outcomes. World J Surg 2012;36:1608-16.
62. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant S, Hawn MT. Technical aspects and early results of robotic esophagectomy with chest anastomosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:90-6.
63. de la Fuente SG, Weber J, Hoffe SE, Shridhar R, Karl R, et al. Initial experience from a large referral center with robotic-assisted Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy for oncologic purposes. Surg Endosc 2013;27:3339-47.
64. Diez Del Val I, Loureiro Gonzalez C, Larburu Etxaniz S, Barrenetxea Asua J, Leturio Fernandez S, et al. Contribution of robotics to minimally invasive esophagectomy. J Robot Surg 2013;7:325-32.
65. Hernandez JM, Dimou F, Weber J, Khaldoun A, Hoffe S, et al. Defining the learning curve for robotic-assisted esophagogastrectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2013;17:1346-51.
66. Ishikawa N, Kawaguchi M, Inaki N, Moriyama H, Shimada M, et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic hybrid esophagectomy in the semi-prone position under pneumothorax. Artif Organs 2013;37:576-80.
67. Mori K, Yamagata Y, Wada I, Shimizu N, Nomura S, et al. Robotic-assisted totally transhiatal lymphadenectomy in the middle mediastinum for esophageal cancer. J Robot Surg 2013;7:385-7.
68. Weksler B, Sharma P, Moudgill N, Chojnacki KA, Rosato EL. Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy is equivalent to thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy. Dis Esophagus 2012;25:403-9.
69. Sarkaria IS, Rizk NP, Finley DJ, Bains MS, Adusumilli PS, et al. Combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic robotic-assisted minimally invasive robotic esophagectomy using a 4-arm platform: experience, technique and cautions during early procedure development. Eu J Cardiothorac Surg 2013;43:107-15.
70. Coker AM, Barajas-Gamboa JS, Cheverie J, Jacobsen GR, Sandler BJ, et al. Outcomes of robotic-assisted transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2014;24:89-94.
71. Sarkaria IS, Bains MS, Finley DJ, Adusmumilli PS, Huang J, et al. Intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging as an adjunct to robotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy. Innovations (Phila) 2014;9:391-3.
72. Trugeda S, Fernandez-Diaz MJ, Rodriguez-Sanjuan JC, Palazuelos CM, Fernandez-Escalante C, et al. Initial results of robot-assisted Ivor-Lewis oesophagectomy with intrathoracic hand-sewn anastomosis in the prone position. Int J Med Robot 2014;10:397-403.
73. Puntambekar S, Kenawadekar R, Kumar S, Joshi S, Argawal G, et al. Robotic transthoracic esophagectomy. BMC Surg 2015;15:47.
74. Cerfolio RJ, Wei B, Hawn MT, Minnich DJ. Robotic esophagectomy for cancer: early results and lessons learned. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;28:160-9.
75. Peng JS, Nurkin SJ, Hochwald SN, Kukar M. Technique for robotic ivor lewis esophagectomy with 6-cm linear stapled side-to-side anastomosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2020;27:824.
76. Plat VD, Stam WT, Schoonmade LJ, Heineman DJ, van der Peet DL, et al. Implementation of robot-assisted Ivor Lewis procedure: robotic hand-sewn, linear or circular technique? Am J Surg 2020;220:62-8.
77. Zhang H, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Geng Y, Wang F, et al. Robotic side-to-side and end-to-side stapled esophagogastric anastomosis of Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for cancer. World J Surg 2019;43:3074-82.
78. Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang F, Wang Y. Robotic-assisted esophagogastric reconstruction in minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. J THorac Dis 2019;11:1860-66.
79. Grimminger PP, Hadzijusufovic E, Babic B, van der Sluis PC, Lang H. Innovative fully robotic 4-arm Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (RAMIE4). Dis Esophagus 2020;33:doz015.
80. Wang WP, Chen LQ, Zhang HL, Yang YS, He SL, et al. Modified Intrathoracic Esophaphagogastrostomy with minimally invasive robot-assisted Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for cancer. Dig Surg 2019;36:218-25.
81. Zhang Y, Xiang J, Han Y, Huang M, Hang J, et al. Initial experience of robot-assisted Ivor Lewis esophagectomy: 61 consecutive cases from a single Chinese institution. Dis Esophagus 2018;31.
82. Nora I, Shridhar R, Meredith K. Robotic-assisted Ivor Lewis esophagectomy: technique and early outcomes. Robot Surg 2017;4:93-100.
83. Meredith K, Huston J, Andacoglu O, Shridhar R. Safety and feasibility of robotic-assisted Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Dis Esophagus 2018;31.
84. Horst VD, Patel HD, Hewlett SC. Robotic transhiatal esophagectomy in a community hospital: evolution of technique. Am Surg 2016;82:730-2.
85. Gockel I, Lorenz D. Oncologic esophageal resection and reconstruction: open, hybrid, minimally invasive or robotic? Chirurg 2017;88:496-502.
86. Washington K, Watkins JR, Jay J, Jeyarajah DR. Oncologic resection in laparoscopic versus robotic transhiatal esophagectomy. JSLS 2019;23:e2019.00017.
87. DeLong JC, Keely KJ, Jacobsen GR, Sandler BJ, Horgan S, et al. The benefits and limitations of robotic assisted transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. J Vis Surg 2016;2:156.
88. Wecowski J, Ross SB, Jadick MF, Justice A, Sucandi I, et al. The big deal: an institution’s experience with robotic transhiatal esophagectomy. Am Surg 2019;85:1061-65.
89. Kernstine KH, DeArmond DT, Sahmoun DM, Campos JH. The first series of completely robotic esopahgectomies with three-filed lymphadenectomy: initial experience. Surg Endosc 2007;21:2285-92.
90. Patel S, Petrov R, Abbas A, Bakhos C. Robotic-assisted McKeown esophagectomy. J Vis Surg 2019;5:43.
91. Egberts JH, Schlemminger M, Hauser C, Becker T. Robotic-assisted McKeown procedure via a cervical mediastinoscopy avoiding an abdominal and thoracic incision. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019;67:610-14.
92. Naffouje SA, Salloum RH, Khalaf Z, Salti G. Outcomes of open versus minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for cancer: a propensity-score matched analysis of NSQIP database. Ann Surg Oncol 2019;26:2001-10.
93. Zhang Y, Han Y, Gan Q, Xiang J, Jin R, et al. Early outcomes of robot-assisted versus thoracoscopic-assisted Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a propensity score-matched study. Ann Surg Oncol 2019;26:1284-91.
94. Chao YK, Hsieh MJ, Liu UH, Liu HP. Lymph node evaluation in robot-assisted versus video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a propensity-matched analysis. World J Surg 2018;42:590-98.
95. van der Sluis PC, Ruurda JP, van der Horst S, Verhage RJ, Besselink MG, et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive thoraco-laparoscopic esophagectomy versus open transthoracic esophagectomy for resectable esophageal cancer, a randomized controlled trial (ROBOT trial). Trials 2012;13:230.
96. van der Sluis PC, van der Horst S, May AM, Schippers C, Brosens LAA, et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive thoracolaparoscopic esophagectomy versus open transthoracic esophagectomy for resectable esophageal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2019;269:621-30.
97. Lee L, Sudarshan M, Li C, Latimer E, Fried Gm, et al. Cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. An Surg Oncol 2013;20:3732-9.
98. Parameswaran R, Veeramootoo D, Krishnadas R, Cooper M, Berrisford R, et al. Comparative experience of open and minimally invasive esophagogastric resection. World J Surg 2009;33:1868-75.
99. Ecker BL, Savulionyte GE, Datta J, Dumon KR, Kucharczuk J, et al. Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy improves hospital outcomes and reduces cost: a single-institution analysis of laparoscopic-assisted and open techniques. Surg Endosc 2016;30:2535-42.
100. Liu CY, Lin CS, Shih CS, Huang YA, Liu CC, et al. Cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg 2018;42:2522-9.
101. Dhamija A, Dhamija A, Hancock J, McCloskey B, Kim AW, et al. Minimally invasive oesophagectomy more expensive than open despite shorter length of stay. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014;45:904-9.
102. Fu SJ, Ho VP, Ginsberg J, Perry Y, Delaney CP, et al. Complications, not minimally invasive surgical technique, are associated with increased cost after esophagectomy. Minim Invasive Surg 2016;2016:7690632.
103. Yanasoot A, Yolsuriyanwong K, Ruangsin S, Laohawiriyakamol S, Sunpaweravong S. Costs and benefits of different methods of esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2017;25:513-7.
104. Klapper JA, Hartwig MG. Robotic esophagectomy: a better way or just another way? J Thorac Dis 2017;9:2328-31.
105. Sarkaria IS, Rizk NP, Goldman DA, Sima C, Tan KS, et al. Early quality of life outcomes after robotic-assisted minimally invasive and open esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2019;108:920-28.
106. Fujiwara H, Shiozaki A, Konishi H, Kosuga T, Komatsu S. Perioperative outcomes of single-port mediastinoscope-assisted transhiatal esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2017;30:1-8.
107. Fujiwara H, Shiozaki A, Konishi H, Otsuji E. Transmediastinal approach for esophageal cancer: a new trend toward radical surgery. Asian J Endosc Surg 2019;12:30-6.
108. Mori K, Aikou S, Yagi K, Nishida M, Mitsui T, et al. Technical details of video-assisted transcervical mediastinal dissection for esophageal cancer and its perioperative outcome. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2017;1:232-7.
