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Figure 1. Endothelial sensing of vascular stress and coordination of inflammatory responses. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) stimulate endothelial immune responses. The enlarged endothelial cell illustrates intracellular compartments involved in stress sensing, and signaling, including mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes/ endosomes, and the cytosol. Activation of these pathways promotes cytokine and chemokine production, contributing to downstream vascular inflammation. The schematic also depicts vascular structural cells associated cell populations to provide anatomical context; their inclusion does not imply equivalent or established innate immune functions.