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Figure 1. Bioengineering platforms driving multi-lineage and immune integration in vascular organoids. The biofabrication pipeline addresses three architectural challenges: (left) spatial organization, 3D bioprinting and engineered matrix chemistry position mural and immune cells around the abluminal endothelial surface; (center) force regimes, microfluidic perfusion applies physiological shear stress and soluble gradients; (right) lineage definition, CRISPR editing and transcription-factor reprogramming unify the genetic identity of all compartments derived from a single donor line. TEM: Transendothelial migration; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; GelMA: gelatin methacryloyl; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; CRISPR-Cas9: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9; PECAM-1: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; VE: vascular endothelial; KLF2/4: Krüppel-like factors 2 and 4.