fig1

Figure 1. Integrated diagnostic and management pathway for sleep disorders in chronic heart failure. A stepwise approach for screening, diagnostic evaluation, phenotyping, and management of sleep disorders in patients with chronic heart failure, integrating clinical assessment, home sleep apnea testing, polysomnography, phenotype-specific treatment, and longitudinal multidisciplinary care. CHF: Chronic heart failure; ESS: epworth sleepiness scale; STOP-BANG: snoring, tiredness, observed apnea, high blood pressure, body mass index, age, neck circumference, and gender; PSQI: pittsburgh sleep quality index; SDB: sleep-disordered breathing; HSAT: home sleep apnea testing; PSG: polysomnography; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; CSA: central sleep apnea; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; GDMT: guideline-directed medical therapy; ASV: adaptive servo-ventilation; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.