fig4

Figure 4. Regulatory roles of circRNAs in acute and chronic heart failure. Representative circRNAs can exert protective or pathogenic effects depending on the disease stage and molecular context. circHIPK3 and circSIRT1 are primarily associated with myocardial injury, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and stress responses in AHF, whereas circSLC8A1, circRNA-00203, and HRCR participate in hypertrophy, fibrosis, apoptosis, and ventricular remodeling in CHF.