fig5

Figure 5. Effect of ALDH2 on mitochondrial DNA methylation signaling under hypoxic stress. (A) Methylation sequencing analysis of mtDNA from WT and ALDH2-KO cardiomyocytes. (B) Different gene loci analysis in WT and ALDH2-KO mtDNA. (C) Western blot analysis of ND1 and ND2 expression changes in WT and ALDH2-KO mitochondria induced by hypoxic treatment. (D) Immunofluorescent staining of total cellular 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in WT and ALDH2-KO H9C2 cardiomyocytes under normoxic or hypoxic treatment. (E) Cardiac function analysis of WT and ALDH2-KO mice post-MI. All results are presented as mean ± SEM. For (A and B, E) (two-group comparisons), statistical significance was determined by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. For (C and D) (multi-group comparisons), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001.