fig3

Figure 3. Engineering EVs for vascular disease therapy. EVs can be engineered to incorporate diverse bioactive agents, including chemicals, nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins. Created in BioRender. gN, lý. (2025) https://BioRender.com/ltqoohy. EVs: Extracellular vesicles; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; AnxA1: annexin A1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; si-TLR4: small interfering RNA targeting Toll-like receptor 4; DMPE-PEG: 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-polyethylene glycol; PBP: proline-rich bactericidal peptide; RGD: arginine-glycine-aspartic acid; LAMP-2B: lysosome-associated membrane protein 2B.