fig1

Figure 1. Mechanisms underlying the roles of disease-specific extracellular vesicles in vascular pathologies. (A) Schematic illustration of EV-mediated molecular pathological cascades in atherosclerosis; (B) Schematic illustration of EV-mediated molecular pathological cascades in essential hypertension; (C) Schematic illustration of EV-mediated molecular pathological cascades in pulmonary arterial hypertension; (D) Schematic illustration of EV-mediated molecular pathological cascades in aortic dissection and aneurysm. Created in BioRender. gN, lý. (2025) https://BioRender.com/4w1wlxx. EV: Extracellular vesicle; VV: vasa vasorum; AF-EVs: adventitial fibroblast extracellular vesicles; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; PASMC: pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell; BMPR2: bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell; ECM: extracellular matrix; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; RV: right ventricle.