fig7

Figure 7. Classification of pathological mechanisms underlying aortic insufficiency and corresponding repair techniques^[21]. Type 1 indicates normal cusp motion, Type 2 excessive motion, and Type 3 restricted motion, as seen in rheumatic or bicuspid valves. Reproduced from Ref.^[21] with permission. AI: Aortic insufficiency; FAA: functional aortic annulus; SCA: subcommissural annuloplasty; STJ: sinotubular junction.