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Figure 3. Mechanism of extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery in vascular rejuvenation. EVs can be administered via intravenous, intra-arterial, or local injection, as well as through biomaterial-assisted systems such as hydrogels or scaffolds. Following administration, EVs enter the circulation and undergo biodistribution, with partial clearance by the liver and spleen. Surface proteins mediate selective binding to vascular ECs, enabling targeted delivery to sites of injury or dysfunction. Uptake occurs mainly through endocytosis or membrane fusion, after which EVs release their bioactive cargos (miRNAs, proteins, lipids) into recipient cells. These cargos activate pro-angiogenic signaling pathways, suppress senescence-associated markers, and attenuate inflammation, ultimately promoting vascular repair, delaying vascular aging, and restoring vascular function. (By Figdraw, ID: IYIAT1abbf).