REFERENCES
1. El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2007;132:2557-76.
2. Bruix J, Cheng AL, Meinhardt G, Nakajima K, De Sanctis Y, Llovet J. Prognostic factors and predictors of sorafenib benefit in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of two phase III studies. J Hepatol 2017;67:999-1008.
3. ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016;64:138-49.
4. Huang Y, Liang D, Liu J, Zeng J, Zeng Y. The breakthroughs in cancer immune checkpoint based therapy: a review of development in immune checkpoint study and its application. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2017;20:430-39.
5. Lee JB, Kim HR, Ha SJ. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in 10 years: contribution of basic research and clinical application in cancer immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2022;22:e2.
6. Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS. Clinical blockade of PD1 and LAG3--potential mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Immunol 2015;15:45-56.
7. El-Khoueiry AB, Sangro B, Yau T, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial. Lancet 2017;389:2492-502.
8. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al; IMbrave150 Investigators. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1894-905.
9. Asrani SK, Devarbhavi H, Eaton J, Kamath PS. Burden of liver diseases in the world. 2019;70:151-71. Available from: https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(18)32388-2/abstract. [Last accessed on 7 Nov 2024].
10. Fu J, Wang H. Precision diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer in China. Cancer Lett 2018;412:283-8.
11. Shi Z, Li H, Song W, Zhou Z, Li Z, Zhang M. Emerging roles of the gut microbiota in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023;14:1139821.
12. Ragonnaud E, Biragyn A. Gut microbiota as the key controllers of “healthy” aging of elderly people. Immun Ageing 2021;1:2.
13. Badal VD, Vaccariello ED, Murray ER, et al. The gut microbiome, aging, and longevity: a systematic review. Nutrients 2020;12:3759.
14. Claesson MJ, Cusack S, O'Sullivan O, et al. Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108 Suppl 1:4586-91.
15. Ni Y, Lu M, Xu Y, et al. The role of gut microbiota-bile acids axis in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Microbiol 2022;13:908011.
16. Renz H, von Mutius E, Brandtzaeg P, Cookson WO, Autenrieth IB, Haller D. Gene-environment interactions in chronic inflammatory disease. Nat Immunol 2011;12:273-7.
17. Ursell LK, Clemente JC, Rideout JR, Gevers D, Caporaso JG, Knight R. The interpersonal and intrapersonal diversity of human-associated microbiota in key body sites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;129:1204-8.
18. Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 2008;57:1470-81.
19. Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Jin C, et al. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature 2012;482:179-85.
20. Paolella G, Mandato C, Pierri L, Poeta M, Di Stasi M, Vajro P. Gut-liver axis and probiotics: their role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:15518-31.
21. Li R, Mao Z, Ye X, Zuo T. Human gut microbiome and liver diseases: from correlation to causation. Microorganisms 2021;9:1017.
22. Ji Y, Yin Y, Sun L, Zhang W. The molecular and mechanistic insights based on gut-liver axis: nutritional target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:3066.
23. Vaziri F, Colquhoun S, Wan YY. Hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: the impact of epigenetic drugs and the gut microbiome. Liver Res 2020;4:191-8.
24. Matson V, Chervin CS, Gajewski TF. Cancer and the Microbiome-Influence of the Commensal Microbiota on Cancer, Immune Responses, and Immunotherapy. Gastroenterology 2021;160:600-13.
25. Gopalakrishnan V, Spencer CN, Nezi L, et al. Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science 2018;359:97-103.
26. Lu Y, Yuan X, Wang M, et al. Gut microbiota influence immunotherapy responses: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2022;15:47.
27. Zhang SL, Mao YQ, Zhang ZY, et al. Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer. Theranostics 2021;11:4155-70.
28. He Y, Fu L, Li Y, et al. Gut microbial metabolites facilitate anticancer therapy efficacy by modulating cytotoxic CD8+ T cell immunity. Cell Metab 2021;33:988-1000.e7.
29. Wan MLY, El-Nezami H. Targeting gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma: probiotics as a novel therapy. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2018;7:11-20.
30. Ponziani FR, De Luca A, Picca A, et al. Gut dysbiosis and fecal calprotectin predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2022;6:1492-501.
31. Li L, Ye J. Characterization of gut microbiota in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma received immune checkpoint inhibitors: a Chinese population-based study. Medicine 2020;99:e21788.
32. Davar D, Dzutsev AK, McCulloch JA, et al. Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients. Science 2021;371:595-602.
33. McQuade JL, Daniel CR, Helmink BA, Wargo JA. Modulating the microbiome to improve therapeutic response in cancer. Lancet Oncol 2019;20:e77-91.
34. Pei B, Peng S, Huang C, Zhou F. Bifidobacterium modulation of tumor immunotherapy and its mechanism. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024;73:94.
35. Park JS, Gazzaniga FS, Kasper DL, Sharpe AH. Microbiota-dependent regulation of costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways via innate immune sensors and implications for immunotherapy. Exp Mol Med 2023;55:1913-21.
36. Gunjur A, Shao Y, Rozday T, et al. A gut microbial signature for combination immune checkpoint blockade across cancer types. Nat Med 2024;30:797-809.
37. Xue P, Fu J, Zhou Y. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2018;9:286.
38. Yu J, Zhu P, Shi L, et al. Bifidobacterium longum promotes postoperative liver function recovery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Host Microbe 2024;32:131-144.e6.
39. Roussel E, Brasse-Lagnel C, Tuech JJ, et al. Influence of probiotics administration before liver resection in patients with liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg 2022;46:656-65.
40. Mao J, Wang D, Long J, et al. Gut microbiome is associated with the clinical response to anti-PD-1 based immunotherapy in hepatobiliary cancers. J Immunother Cancer 2021;9:e003334.
41. Russo E, Fiorindi C, Giudici F, Amedei A. Immunomodulation by probiotics and prebiotics in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2022;14:372-85.
