REFERENCES
1. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, El-Serag HB, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a population-based case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1221-8.
2. Kinoshita M, Kubo S, Tanaka S, et al. The association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a hospital based case-control study. J Surg Oncol 2016;113:779-83.
3. Wongjarupong N, Assavapongpaiboon B, Susantitaphong P, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2017;17:149.
4. Petrick JL, Yang B, Altekruse SF, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a population-based study in SEER-Medicare. PLoS One 2017;12:e0186643.
5. Zhou HB, Xu QR, Wang H, et al. Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a case-control study. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2009;17:935-9.
6. Reddy SK, Hyder O, Marsh JW et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among patients with resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2013;17:748-55.
7. Nkontchou G, Tran Van Nhieu J, Ziol M, et al. Peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma occurring in patients without cirrhosis or chronic bile duct diseases: epidemiology and histopathology of distant nontumoral liver in 57 White patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;25:94-8.
8. Chang JS, Tsai CR, Chen LT. Medical risk factors associated with cholangiocarcinoma in Taiwan: a population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2013;8:e69981.
9. Choi J, Ghoz HM, Peeraphatdit T, et al. Aspirin use and the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2016;64:785-96.
10. Xiong J, Lu X, Xu W, et al. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: a hospital-based case-control study in China. Cancer Manag Res 2018;10:3849-55.
11. Sirica AE, Gores GJ, Groopman JD, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: continuing challenges and translational advances. Hepatology 2019;69:1803-15.
12. De Lorenzo S, Tovoli F, Mazzotta A, et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis as a risk factor for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its prognostic role. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:3182.
13. Corrao S, Natoli G, Argano C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and not with extrahepatic form: definitive evidence from meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;33:62-8.
14. Ghidini M, Ramai D, Facciorusso A, et al. Metabolic disorders and the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;15:999-1007.
15. Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol 2020;73:202-9.
16. Crane H, Gofton C, Sharma A, George J. MAFLD: an optimal framework for understanding liver cancer phenotypes. J Gastroenterol 2023;58:947-64.
17. Golabi P, Paik JM, AlQahtani S, Younossi Y, Tuncer G, Younossi ZM. Burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa: data from Global Burden of Disease 2009-2019. J Hepatol 2021;75:795-809.
18. Hu S, Molina L, Tao J, et al. Therapeutic implication of SOX9 and YAP1 co-repression in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The FASEB Journal 2022:36.
19. Cadamuro M, Sarcognato S, Camerotto R, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma developing in patients with metabolic syndrome is characterized by osteopontin overexpression in the tumor stroma. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:4748.
20. Ko S, Molina L, Tao J, et al. Simultaneous Yap and Sox9 repression eliminates Notch-dependent hepatocyte-driven cholangiocarcinogenesis. The FASEB Journal 2020;34:1-1.
21. Cadamuro M, Stecca T, Brivio S, et al. The deleterious interplay between tumor epithelia and stroma in cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018;1864:1435-43.
22. Sirica AE, Strazzabosco M, Cadamuro M. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: morpho-molecular pathology, tumor reactive microenvironment, and malignant progression. Adv Cancer Res 2021;149:321-87.
23. Fabris L, Cadamuro M, Cagnin S, Strazzabosco M, Gores GJ. Liver matrix in benign and malignant biliary tract disease. Semin Liver Dis 2020;40:282-97.
24. Fava G, Alpini G, Rychlicki C, et al. Leptin enhances cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Cancer Res 2008;68:6752-61.
25. Alzahrani B, Iseli TJ, Hebbard LW. Non-viral causes of liver cancer: does obesity led inflammation play a role? Cancer Lett 2014;345:223-9.
26. Lewitt MS, Dent MS, Hall K. The insulin-like growth factor system in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med 2014;3:1561-74.
28. Weroha SJ, Haluska P. The insulin-like growth factor system in cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012;41:335-50.
29. Pollak M. The insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptor family in neoplasia: an update. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:159-69.
30. Marzioni M, Fava G, Alvaro D, Alpini G, Benedetti A. Control of cholangiocyte adaptive responses by visceral hormones and neuropeptides. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009;36:13-22.
31. Alvaro D, Barbaro B, Franchitto A, et al. Estrogens and insulin-like growth factor 1 modulate neoplastic cell growth in human cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 2006;169:877-88.
32. Shimizu Y, Demetris AJ, Gollin SM, et al. Two new human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and their cytogenetics and responses to growth factors, hormones, cytokines or immunologic effector cells. Int J Cancer 1992;52:252-60.
33. Xu L, Hausmann M, Dietmaier W, et al. Expression of growth factor receptors and targeting of EGFR in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2010;10:302.
34. Phoomak C, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Silsirivanit A, et al. High glucose levels boost the aggressiveness of highly metastatic cholangiocarcinoma cells via O-GlcNAcylation. Sci Rep 2017;7:43842.
35. Saengboonmee C, Seubwai W, Pairojkul C, Wongkham S. High glucose enhances progression of cholangiocarcinoma cells via STAT3 activation. Sci Rep 2016;6:18995.
36. Hebbard LW, Garlatti M, Young LJ, Cardiff RD, Oshima RG, Ranscht B. T-cadherin supports angiogenesis and adiponectin association with the vasculature in a mouse mammary tumor model. Cancer Res 2008;68:1407-16.
37. Wendel HG, De Stanchina E, Fridman JS, et al. Survival signalling by Akt and eIF4E in oncogenesis and cancer therapy. Nature 2004;428:332-7.
38. Clements O, Eliahoo J, Kim JU, Taylor-Robinson SD, Khan SA. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2020;72:95-103.
40. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, et al. Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects. Nature 2003;423:762-9.
41. Sirica AE. Role of ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:7033-58.
42. Wang L, Zhu H, Zhao Y, et al. Comprehensive molecular profiling of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the Chinese population and therapeutic experience. J Transl Med 2020;18:273.
43. Miyata T, Yamashita YI, Yoshizumi T, et al. CXCL12 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis. Cancer Sci 2019;110:3197-203.
44. Cen W, Li J, Tong C, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by secreting LAMC2. J Cancer 2021;12:3448-57.
45. Shi T, Morishita A, Kobara H, Masaki T. The role of microRNAs in cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:7627.
46. Pu T, Fang Q, Chen Z, et al. Advances in molecular pathogenesis and treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Available from: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/wpr-865095 [Last accessed on 25 Sep 2024].
47. Chen C, Qiu Y. Advances in research, diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma based on molecular mechanisms. Journal of Abdominal Surgery 2022;35:245-51.
48. Kisseleva T, Brenner D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;18:151-66.
50. Roskams T. Liver stem cells and their implication in hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma. Oncogene 2006;25:3818-22.
51. Foerster F, Gairing SJ, Müller L, Galle PR. NAFLD-driven HCC: safety and efficacy of current and emerging treatment options. J Hepatol 2022;76:446-57.
52. Takahashi Y, Dungubat E, Kusano H, Fukusato T. Pathology and pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-associated hepatic tumors. Biomedicines 2023;11:2761.
53. Yu Q, Lei Z, Ma W, et al. Postoperative prognosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multi-center propensity score matching analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2023;27:2403-13.
54. Le Roy B, Gelli M, Pittau G, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for initially unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2018;105:839-47.
55. Toyoda J, Sahara K, Takahashi T, et al. Neoadjuvant therapy for extrahepatic biliary tract cancer: a propensity score-matched survival analysis. J Clin Med 2023;12:2654.
56. Kato A, Shimizu H, Ohtsuka M, et al. Surgical resection after downsizing chemotherapy for initially unresectable locally advanced biliary tract cancer: a retrospective single-center study. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:318-24.
57. Chang ME, Lei HJ, Chen MH, et al. Evaluation of prognostic factors and implication of lymph node dissection in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: 10-year experience at a tertiary referral center. J Chin Med Assoc 2017;80:140-6.
58. Weber SM, Ribero D, O'Reilly EM, Kokudo N, Miyazaki M, Pawlik TM. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford) 2015;17:669-80.
59. Benson AB, D'Angelica MI, Abrams T, et al. NCCN guidelines® insights: biliary tract cancers, version 2.2023. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2023;21:694-704.
60. Allen AM, Hicks SB, Mara KC, Larson JJ, Therneau TM. The risk of incident extrahepatic cancers is higher in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease than obesity - a longitudinal cohort study. J Hepatol 2019;71:1229-36.
61. Simon TG, Roelstraete B, Khalili H, Hagström H, Ludvigsson JF. Mortality in biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from a nationwide cohort. Gut 2021;70:1375-82.
62. Zhou XD, Targher G, Byrne CD, et al. An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on MAFLD and the risk of CVD. Hepatol Int 2023;17:773-91.
63. Cheng PN, Chen WJ, Hou CJ, et al. Taiwan association for the study of the liver-taiwan society of cardiology taiwan position statement for the management of metabolic dysfunction- associated fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30:16-36.
64. Harrison SA, Taub R, Neff GW, et al. Resmetirom for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Nat Med 2023;29:2919-28.
65. Yang YY, Xie L, Zhang NP, Zhou D, Liu TT, Wu J. Updates on novel pharmacotherapeutics for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022;43:1180-90.
66. Soto A, Spongberg C, Martinino A, Giovinazzo F. Exploring the multifaceted landscape of MASLD: a comprehensive synthesis of recent studies, from pathophysiology to organoids and beyond. Biomedicines 2024;12:397.
67. El-Diwany R, Pawlik TM, Ejaz A. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2019;28:587-99.
68. Battistella S, Grasso M, Catanzaro E, et al. Evolution of liver transplantation indications: expanding horizons. Medicina (Kaunas) 2024;60:412.
69. Ioka T, Kanai M, Kobayashi S, et al. Kansai Hepatobiliary Oncology Group (KHBO). Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine, cisplatin plus S-1 versus gemcitabine, cisplatin for advanced biliary tract cancer (KHBO1401- MITSUBA). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2023;30:102-10.
70. Kelley RK, Ueno M, Yoo C, et al. KEYNOTE-966 Investigators. Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2023;401:1853-65.
71. Tsung C, Quinn PL, Ejaz A. Management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a narrative review. Cancers (Basel) 2024;16:739.
72. Bragazzi MC, Venere R, Ribichini E, Covotta F, Cardinale V, Alvaro D. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: evolving strategies in management and treatment. Dig Liver Dis 2024;56:383-93.
73. Cotter TG, Charlton M. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2020;26:141-59.
74. Hobeika C, Cauchy F, Poté N, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with the metabolic syndrome. World J Surg 2019;43:2048-60.
75. Meijer VE, Kalish BT, Puder M, Ijzermans JN. Systematic review and meta-analysis of steatosis as a risk factor in major hepatic resection. Br J Surg 2010;97:1331-9.
76. Neal CP, Mann CD, Pointen E, et al. Influence of hepatic parenchymal histology on outcome following right hepatic trisectionectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2012;16:2064-73.
77. Veteläinen R, van Vliet AK, van Gulik TM. Severe steatosis increases hepatocellular injury and impairs liver regeneration in a rat model of partial hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2007;245:44-50.
78. McCuskey RS, Ito Y, Robertson GR, McCuskey MK, Perry M, Farrell GC. Hepatic microvascular dysfunction during evolution of dietary steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2004;40:386-93.
79. Poon RT, Fan ST. Assessment of hepatic reserve for indication of hepatic resection: how I do it. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2005;12:31-7.
80. Cauchy F, Zalinski S, Dokmak S, et al. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with the metabolic syndrome. Br J Surg 2013;100:113-21.
81. Reddy SK, Marsh JW, Varley PR, et al. Underlying steatohepatitis, but not simple hepatic steatosis, increases morbidity after liver resection: a case-control study. Hepatology 2012;56:2221-30.
82. Cauchy F, Soubrane O, Belghiti J. Liver resection for HCC: patient's selection and controversial scenarios. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014;28:881-96.
83. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Ann Hepatol 2024;29:101133.
84. Ayada I, van Kleef LA, Alferink LJM, Li P, de Knegt RJ, Pan Q. Systematically comparing epidemiological and clinical features of MAFLD and NAFLD by meta-analysis: focusing on the non-overlap groups. Liver Int 2022;42:277-87.
85. Alharthi J, Gastaldelli A, Cua IH, Ghazinian H, Eslam M. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a year in review. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2022;38:251-60.
86. Younossi ZM, Paik JM, Stepanova M, Ong J, Alqahtani S, Henry L. Clinical profiles and mortality rates are similar for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2024;80:694-701.
87. Suzuki K, Tamaki N, Kurosaki M, et al. Concordance between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Res 2024;54:600-5.
88. Zou H, Ma X, Pan W, Xie Y. Comparing similarities and differences between NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD in the general U.S. population. Front Nutr 2024;11:1411802.
89. Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health 2018;6:e1077-86.
90. Xie X, Guo B, Xiao X, et al. Healthy dietary patterns and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in less-developed ethnic minority regions: a large cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022;22:118.
91. Eslam M, El-Serag HB, Francque S, et al. Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease in individuals of normal weight. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;19:638-51.
92. Chen F, Esmaili S, Rogers GB, et al. Lean NAFLD: a distinct entity shaped by differential metabolic adaptation. Hepatology 2020;71:1213-27.
93. Younes R, Govaere O, Petta S, et al. Caucasian lean subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease share long-term prognosis of non-lean: time for reappraisal of BMI-driven approach? Gut 2022;71:382-90.
94. Wei L, Cheng X, Luo Y, et al. Lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes in a euglycaemic population undergoing health check-ups: a cohort study. Diabetes Metab 2021;47:101200.
95. Ye Q, Zou B, Yeo YH, et al. Global prevalence, incidence, and outcomes of non-obese or lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:739-52.
96. Ito T, Ishigami M, Zou B, et al. The epidemiology of NAFLD and lean NAFLD in Japan: a meta-analysis with individual and forecasting analysis, 1995-2040. Hepatol Int 2021;15:366-79.
97. Reddy SK, Hyder O, Marsh JW, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among patients with resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2013;17:748-55.
98. Eslam M, Fan JG, Mendez-Sanchez N. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in non-obese individuals: the impact of metabolic health. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:713-5.
99. Alharthi J, Pan Z, Gloss BS, et al. Loss of metabolic adaptation in lean MAFLD is driven by endotoxemia leading to epigenetic reprogramming. Metabolism 2023;144:155583.
100. Sinn DH, Kang D, Cho SJ, et al. Weight change and resolution of fatty liver in normal weight individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;33:e529-34.
