REFERENCES
1. Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med 2019;25:1822-32.
3. Cechinel LR, Batabyal RA, Freishtat RJ, Zohn IE. Parental obesity-induced changes in developmental programming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;10:918080.
4. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: mayo clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:434-8.
6. Caldwell SH, Oelsner DH, Iezzoni JC, Hespenheide EE, Battle EH, Driscoll CJ. Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatology 1999;29:664-9.
7. Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Su GL, Conjeevaram HS, Emick DM, Lok AS. NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Hepatology 2002;36:1349-54.
8. Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohollike liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology 1988;95:1056-62.
9. Zarghamravanbakhsh P, Frenkel M, Poretsky L. Metabolic causes and consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabol Open 2021;12:100149.
10. Ballestri S, Zona S, Targher G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;31:936-44.
11. Lonardo A, Ballestri S. Perspectives of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease research: a personal point of view. Explor Med 2020;1:85-107.
12. Lugari S, Baldelli E, Lonardo A. Metabolic primary liver cancer in adults: risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms. Metab Target Organ Damage 2023;3:5.
13. Singal AG, El-Serag HB. Rational HCC screening approaches for patients with NAFLD. J Hepatol 2022;76:195-201.
14. Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J. International Consensus Panel. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1999-2014.e1.
15. Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol 2020;73:202-9.
16. Chen YG, Yang CW, Chung CH, Ho CL, Chen WL, Chien WC. The association between metabolic risk factors, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and the incidence of liver cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Hepatol Int 2022;16:807-16.
17. INOVA. Stigma in NAFLD and NASH: a global survey of patients and providers. Available from: https://www.postersessiononline.eu/173580348_eu/congresos/ILC2023/aula/-THU_453_ILC2023.pdf [Last accessed on 29 Dec 2023].
18. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol 2023;79:1542-56.
19. Churchill’s illustrated medical dictionary. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1989. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Churchills-Illustrated-Medical-Dictionary-Koenisberger/dp/0443086915 [Last accessed on 29 Dec 2023].
20. Medical Dictionary: A-Z. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical [Last accessed on 29 Dec 2023].
21. Medical Dictionary. Available from: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ [Last accessed on 29 Dec 2023].
22. Medical dictionary of health terms: Q-Z. Available from: https://www.health.harvard.edu/q-through-z#S-terms [Last accessed on 29 Dec 2023].
23. Saunders WB. Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary 26th Edition. Philadelhia; 1985. Available from: https://www.ebay.com/itm/314745545108 [Last accessed on 2 Jan 2024].
24. Younossi ZM, Alqahtani SA, Alswat K, et al. Global NASH Council. Global survey of stigma among physicians and patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2023:Online ahead of print.
26. Arrese M, Arab JP, Barrera F, Kaufmann B, Valenti L, Feldstein AE. Insights into nonalcoholic fatty-liver disease heterogeneity. Semin Liver Dis 2021;41:421-34.
27. Lonardo A, Singal AK, Osna N, Kharbanda KK. Effect of cofactors on NAFLD/NASH and MAFLD. A paradigm illustrating the pathomechanics of organ dysfunction. Metab Target Organ Damage 2022;2:12.
28. Ebrahimi F, Hagström H, Sun J, et al. Familial coaggregation of MASLD with hepatocellular carcinoma and adverse liver outcomes: nationwide multigenerational cohort study. J Hepatol 2023;79:1374-84.
29. Thomas CE, Diergaarde B, Kuipers AL, et al. NAFLD polygenic risk score and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in an East Asian population. Hepatol Commun 2022;6:2310-21.
30. Abdelmalek MF, Liu C, Shuster J, Nelson DR, Asal NR. Familial aggregation of insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1162-9.
31. Hassan MM, Spitz MR, Thomas MB, et al. The association of family history of liver cancer with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in the United States. J Hepatol 2009;50:334-41.
32. Caussy C, Soni M, Cui J, et al. Familial NAFLD Cirrhosis Research Consortium. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with cirrhosis increases familial risk for advanced fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2017;127:2697-704.
33. Tamaki N, Ahlholm N, Luukkonen PK, et al. Risk of advanced fibrosis in first-degree relatives of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2022;132:e162513.
34. Anand A, Singh AA, Elhence A, et al. Prevalence and predictors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in family members of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022;12:362-71.
35. Simon TG, Roelstraete B, Khalili H, Hagström H, Ludvigsson JF. Mortality in biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from a nationwide cohort. Gut 2021;70:1375-82.
36. Hagström H, Vessby J, Ekstedt M, Shang Y. 99% of patients with NAFLD meet MASLD criteria and natural history is therefore identical. J Hepatol 2023:Online ahead of print.
37. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Bairey Merz N, Barnes PJ, et al. Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. Lancet 2020;396:565-82.
38. Ballestri S, Nascimbeni F, Baldelli E, Marrazzo A, Romagnoli D, Lonardo A. NAFLD as a sexual dimorphic disease: role of gender and reproductive status in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and inherent cardiovascular risk. Adv Ther 2017;34:1291-326.
39. Lonardo A, Suzuki A. Sexual dimorphism of NAFLD in adults. focus on clinical aspects and implications for practice and translational research. J Clin Med 2020;9:1278.
40. Balakrishnan M, Patel P, Dunn-Valadez S, et al. Women have a lower risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease but a higher risk of progression vs men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:61-71.e15.
41. Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021;17:47-66.
42. Wu EM, Wong LL, Hernandez BY, et al. Gender differences in hepatocellular cancer: disparities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis and liver transplantation. Hepatoma Res 2018;4:66.
43. Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Chow PKH, Suzuki A. Sex disparity in hepatocellular carcinoma owing to NAFLD and non-NAFLD etiology: epidemiological findings and pathobiological mechanisms. Hepatoma Res 2020;6:83.
44. Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Ballestri S, et al. Sex Differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps. Hepatology 2019;70:1457-69.
45. Lonardo A, Arab JP, Arrese M. Perspectives on precision medicine approaches to NAFLD diagnosis and management. Adv Ther 2021;38:2130-58.
46. Lonardo A. Precision medicine in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;37:1175-8.
47. Iruzubieta P, Bataller R, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Research priorities for precision medicine in NAFLD. Clin Liver Dis 2023;27:535-51.
48. Kantartzis K, Stefan N. Clustering NAFLD: phenotypes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and their differing trajectories. Hepatol Commun 2023;7:e0112.
49. Lonardo A. The heterogeneity of metabolic syndrome presentation and challenges this causes in its pharmacological management: a narrative review focusing on principal risk modifiers. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023;16:891-911.
