REFERENCES
1. Rumgay H, Arnold M, Ferlay J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. J Hepatol 2022;77:1598-606.
2. Overall indications and results for liver transplantation in Europe. Available online: http://www.eltr.org/spip.php?article161[Last accessed on 28 Mar 2022].
3. Nevola R, Tortorella G, Rosato V, et al. Gender differences in the pathogenesis and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biology 2023;12:984.
4. Vij M, Calderaro J. Pathologic and molecular features of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. World J Hepatol 2021;13:393-410.
5. Zhuravleva E, O'Rourke CJ, Andersen JB. Mutational signatures and processes in hepatobiliary cancers. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;19:367-82.
6. Fernández-Barrena MG, Arechederra M, Colyn L, Berasain C, Avila MA. Epigenetics in hepatocellular carcinoma development and therapy: The tip of the iceberg. JHEP Rep 2020;2:100167.
7. Llovet JM, Pinyol R, Kelley RK, et al. Molecular pathogenesis and systemic therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Cancer 2022;3:386-401.
8. Nenu I, Toadere TM, Topor I, et al. Interleukin-6 in hepatocellular carcinoma: a dualistic point of view. Biomedicines 2023;11:2623.
9. Allaire M, Rudler M, Thabut D. Portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma: Des liaisons dangereuses…. Liver Int 2021;41:1734-43.
10. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:209-49.
11. Sagnelli E, Macera M, Russo A, Coppola N, Sagnelli C. Epidemiological and etiological variations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Infection 2020;48:7-17.
12. Devarbhavi H, Asrani SK, Arab JP, Nartey YA, Pose E, Kamath PS. Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update. J Hepatol 2023;79:516-37.
13. Liu Y, Zheng J, Hao J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer by five etiologies and global prediction by 2035 based on global burden of disease study 2019. Cancer Med 2022;11:1310-23.
14. Parikh ND, Singal AG, Hutton DW, Tapper EB. Cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: an assessment of benefits and harms. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115:1642-9.
15. Singal AG, Kanwal F, Llovet JM. Global trends in hepatocellular carcinoma epidemiology: implications for screening, prevention and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023;20:864-84.
16. Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2018;154:1706-18.e1.
17. Pinto Marques H, Gomes da Silva S, De Martin E, Agopian VG, Martins PN. Emerging biomarkers in HCC patients: current status. Int J Surg 2020;82S:70-6.
18. Parikh ND, Tayob N, Singal AG. Blood-based biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma screening: approaching the end of the ultrasound era? J Hepatol 2023;78:207-16.
19. Shen C, Jiang X, Li M, Luo Y. Hepatitis virus and hepatocellular carcinoma: recent advances. Cancers 2023;15:533.
20. Péneau C, Imbeaud S, La Bella T, et al. Hepatitis B virus integrations promote local and distant oncogenic driver alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2022;71:616-26.
21. Dhanasekaran R, Nault JC, Roberts LR, Zucman-Rossi J. Genomic medicine and implications for hepatocellular carcinoma prevention and therapy. Gastroenterology 2019;156:492-509.
22. Ligat G, Schuster C, Baumert TF. Hepatitis B virus core variants, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2019;69:5-8.
23. Battistella S, Lynch EN, Gambato M, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with HBV-related liver disease receiving antiviral therapy. Minerva Gastroenterol 2021;67:38-49.
24. Kim JH, Sinn DH, Kang W, et al. Low-level viremia and the increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients receiving entecavir treatment. Hepatology 2017;66:335-43.
25. Jang TY, Wei YJ, Liu TW, et al. Role of hepatitis D virus infection in development of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B patients treated with nucleotide/nucleoside analogues. Sci Rep 2021;11:8184.
26. Kamal H, Fornes R, Simin J, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B and D virus co-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Viral Hepat 2021;28:1431-42.
27. Hao X, Fan R, Zeng HM, Hou JL. Hepatocellular Carcinoma risk scores from modeling to real clinical practice in areas highly endemic for hepatitis B infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023;11:1508-19.
28. Paik N, Sinn DH, Lee JH, et al. Non-invasive tests for liver disease severity and the hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic hepatitis B patients with low-level viremia. Liver Int 2018;38:68-75.
29. Papatheodoridis G, Dalekos G, Sypsa V, et al. PAGE-B predicts the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasians with chronic hepatitis B on 5-year antiviral therapy. J Hepatol 2016;64:800-6.
30. Kim JH, Kim YD, Lee M, et al. Modified PAGE-B score predicts the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asians with chronic hepatitis B on antiviral therapy. J Hepatol 2018;69:1066-73.
31. Chang MH, You SL, Chen CJ, et al. Taiwan Hepatoma Study Group. Long-term effects of hepatitis B immunization of infants in preventing liver cancer. Gastroenterology 2016;151:472-80.e1.
32. Koshiol J, Argirion I, Liu Z, et al. Immunologic markers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-infected individuals. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021;54:833-42.
33. Li X, Xu H, Gao P. Fibrosis index based on 4 factors (FIB-4) predicts liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. Med Sci Monit 2019;25:7243-50.
34. Degasperi E, D'Ambrosio R, Iavarone M, et al. Factors associated with increased risk of de novo or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis treated with direct-acting antivirals for HCV infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17:1183-91.e7.
35. Ganne-Carrié N, Layese R, Bourcier V, et al. ANRS CO12 CirVir Study Group. Nomogram for individualized prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in hepatitis C virus cirrhosis (ANRS CO12 CirVir). Hepatology 2016;64:1136-47.
36. Lleo A, Aglitti A, Aghemo A, et al. Predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with direct acting antivirals. Dig Liv Dis 2019;51:310-7.
37. Sangiovanni A, Alimenti E, Gattai R, et al. Undefined/non-malignant hepatic nodules are associated with early occurrence of HCC in DAA-treated patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2020;73:593-602.
38. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the american association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 2018;68:723-50.
39. Kanwal F, Kramer J, Asch SM, Chayanupatkul M, Cao Y, El-Serag HB. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Gastroenterology 2017;153:996-1005.e1.
40. Ioannou GN. HCC surveillance after SVR in patients with F3/F4 fibrosis. J Hepatol 2021;74:458-65.
41. Beste LA, Green P, Berry K, Belperio P, Ioannou GN. Hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the veterans health administration after introduction of direct-acting antivirals. JAMA 2020;324:1003-5.
42. Audureau E, Carrat F, Layese R, et al. ANRS CO12 CirVir group. Personalized surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis - using machine learning adapted to HCV status. J Hepatol 2020;73:1434-45.
43. Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;15:11-20.
44. Estes C, Anstee QM, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016-2030. J Hepatol 2018;69:896-904.
45. Ekstedt M, Hagström H, Nasr P, et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology 2015;61:1547-54.
46. Stine JG, Wentworth BJ, Zimmet A, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis without cirrhosis compared to other liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;48:696-703.
47. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018;69:182-236.
48. Orci LA, Sanduzzi-Zamparelli M, Caballol B, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;20:283-92.e10.
49. Mittal S, El-Serag HB, Sada YH, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis in United States Veterans is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;14:124-31.e1.
50. Kanwal F, Kramer JR, Mapakshi S, et al. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2018;155:1828-37.e2.
51. Ioannou GN, Green P, Kerr KF, Berry K. Models estimating risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcohol or NAFLD-related cirrhosis for risk stratification. J Hepatol 2019;71:523-33.
52. Morgan TR, Mandayam S, Jamal MM. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004;127:S87-96.
53. Huang DQ, Tan DJH, Ng CH, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in alcohol-associated cirrhosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;21:1169-77.
54. Turati F, Galeone C, Rota M, et al. Alcohol and liver cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol 2014;25:1526-35.
55. Lin CW, Lin CC, Mo LR, et al. Heavy alcohol consumption increases the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013;58:730-5.
56. Innes HA, Hutchinson SJ, Barclay S, et al. Hepatitis C Clinical Database Monitoring Committee. Quantifying the fraction of cirrhosis attributable to alcohol among chronic hepatitis C virus patients: implications for treatment cost-effectiveness. Hepatology 2013;57:451-60.
57. Kim JH, Lee M, Park SW, et al. Validation of modified fibrosis-4 index for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with compensated alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Medicine 2018;97:e13438.
58. Tansel A, Katz LH, El-Serag HB, et al. Incidence and determinants of hepatocellular carcinoma in autoimmune hepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;15:1207-17.
59. Colapietro F, Maisonneuve P, Lytvyak E, et al. Dutch AIH Study Group; International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. Incidence and predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2024;80:53-61.
60. Harada K, Hirohara J, Ueno Y, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis: national data from Japan. Hepatology 2013;57:1942-9.
61. Trivedi PJ, Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, et al. Global PBC Study Group. Stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma risk in primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicentre international study. Gut 2016;65:321-9.
62. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on haemochromatosis. J Hepatol 2022;77:479-502.