fig2

Figure 2. Interactions of cells involved in cholangiocarcinoma development and tumor microenvironment. The green arrows indicate induction, while the red dotted lines suggest inhibition. CCA: cholangiocarcinoma; PD-1: programmed cell death; CTLA4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; FasL: Fas ligand; KIR: killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor; NKs: natural killers; IL-10: interleukin-10; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand; T reg: regulatory T cells; TILs: tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; DCs: dendritic cells; CXCL-12: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; TAMs: tumor-associated macrophages; TANs: tumor-associated neutrophils; CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; IL-6: interleukin-6; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HiF1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha.