REFERENCES
2. Organisation WH. Projections of mortality and causes of death, 2016 to 2060.
3. Jemal A, Ward EM, Johnson CJ, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2014, featuring survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017:109.
4. Cabibbo G, Celsa C, Cammà C, Craxì A. Should we cure hepatitis C virus in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma while treating cancer? Liver Int 2018;38:2108-16.
5. Blach S, Terrault NA, Tacke F, et al. Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2022;7:396-415.
6. Tampaki M, Papatheodoridis GV, Cholongitas E. Intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: an update. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021;14:699-713.
7. Sahakyan Y, Lee-Kim V, Bremner KE, Bielecki JM, Krahn MD. Impact of direct-acting antiviral regimens on mortality and morbidity outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis c: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat 2021;28:739-54.
8. Morgan RL, Baack B, Smith BD, Yartel A, Pitasi M, Falck-Ytter Y. Eradication of hepatitis C virus infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:329-37.
9. Spârchez Z, Mocan T. Hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and recurrence after antiviral treatment in HCV-related cirrhosis. Are outcomes different after direct antiviral agents? J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2017;26:403-10.
10. Shiha G, Mousa N, Soliman R, Nnh Mikhail N, Adel Elbasiony M, Khattab M. Incidence of HCC in chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis who achieved SVR following DAAs: a prospective study. J Viral Hepat 2020;27:671-9.
11. AASLD-IDSA HCV Guidance Panel. Hepatitis C guidance 2018 update: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2018;67:1477-92.
12. Reig M, Mariño Z, Perelló C, et al. Unexpected high rate of early tumor recurrence in patients with HCV-related HCC undergoing interferon-free therapy. J Hepatol 2016;65:719-26.
13. Conti F, Buonfiglioli F, Scuteri A, et al. Early occurrence and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV-related cirrhosis treated with direct-acting antivirals. J Hepatol 2016;65:727-33.
14. Nagata H, Nakagawa M, Asahina Y, et al. Ochanomizu Liver Conference Study Group. Effect of interferon-based and -free therapy on early occurrence and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2017;67:933-9.
15. Ikeda K, Kawamura Y, Kobayashi M, et al. Direct-acting antivirals decreased tumor recurrence after initial treatment of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2017;62:2932-42.
16. Celsa C, Stornello C, Giuffrida P, et al. Direct-acting antiviral agents and risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma: critical appraisal of the evidence. Ann Hepatol 2022;27 Suppl 1:100568.
17. Cabibbo G, Petta S, Barbàra M, et al. ITA. LI.CA study group. A meta-analysis of single HCV-untreated arm of studies evaluating outcomes after curative treatments of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2017;37:1157-66.
18. Gao X, Zhan M, Wang L, Ding Y, Niu J. Timing of DAA initiation after curative treatment and its relationship with the recurrence of HCV-related HCC. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020;7:347-60.
19. Yamamoto Y, Ikoma H, Morimura R, et al. Optimal duration of the early and late recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:1207-15.
20. Kolly P, Waidmann O, Vermehren J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after direct antiviral agent treatment: a European multicentre study. J Hepatol 2017;67:876-8.
21. El Kassas M, Funk AL, Salaheldin M, et al. Increased recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma after DAA therapy in a hepatitis C-infected Egyptian cohort: a comparative analysis. J Viral Hepat 2018;25:623-30.
22. Mashiba T, Joko K, Kurosaki M, et al. Does interferon-free direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C after curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma lead to unexpected recurrences of HCC? PLoS One 2018;13:e0194704.
23. Singal AG, Rich NE, Mehta N, et al. Direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis c virus infection is associated with increased survival in patients with a history of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2019;157:1253-1263.e2.
24. Nakamura S, Nouso K, Okada H, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antivirals after curative treatment. Hepatoma Res 2019;5:16.
25. Zou WY, Choi K, Kramer JR, et al. Risk of hepatocellular cancer recurrence in hepatitis C virus + patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Dig Dis Sci 2019;64:3328-36.
26. Kuo YH, Wang JH, Chang KC, et al. The influence of direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment. Invest New Drugs 2020;38:202-10.
27. Ogawa E, Nakamuta M, Furusyo N, et al. Kyushu university liver disease study (KULDS) group. Long-term assessment of recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C after viral cure by direct-acting antivirals. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;37:190-9.
28. Elbaz T, Waked I, El-Akel W, et al. Impact of successful HCV treatment using direct acting antivirals on recurrence of well ablated hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022;20:307-14.
29. Watanabe T, Tokumoto Y, Joko K, et al. AFP and eGFR are related to early and late recurrence of HCC following antiviral therapy. BMC Cancer 2021;21:699.
30. Tani J, Senoh T, Moriya A, et al. Long-term outcomes and evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after hepatitis C virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral treatment: all kagawa liver disease group (AKLDG) study. Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:2257.
31. Ochi H, Hiraoka A, Hirooka M, et al. Direct-acting antivirals improve survival and recurrence rates after treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria. J Gastroenterol 2021;56:90-100.
32. Ahn YH, Lee H, Kim DY, et al. Independent risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after direct-acting antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut Liver 2021;15:410-9.
33. collaborative study group on hepatocellular carcinoma (ANRS CO22 HEPATHER, CO12 CirVir and CO23 CUPILT cohorts). Electronic address: [email protected]. Lack of evidence of an effect of direct-acting antivirals on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: Data from three ANRS cohorts. J Hepatol 2016;65:734-40.
34. Cabibbo G, Petta S, Calvaruso V, et al. Rete Sicilia Selezione Terapia - HCV (RESIST-HCV). Is early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhotic patients affected by treatment with direct-acting antivirals? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017;46:688-95.
35. Ogawa E, Furusyo N, Nomura H, et al. Kyushu University Liver Disease Study (KULDS) Group. Short-term risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis C virus eradication following direct-acting anti-viral treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;47:104-13.
36. Lleo A, Aglitti A, Aghemo A, Maisonneuve P, Bruno S, Persico M. collaborators. Predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhotic patients treated with direct acting antivirals. Dig Liver Dis 2019;51:310-7.
37. Nakano M, Koga H, Ide T, et al. Predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence associated with the use of direct-acting antiviral agent therapy for hepatitis C virus after curative treatment: a prospective multicenter cohort study. Cancer Med 2019;8:2646-53.
38. Cabibbo G, Celsa C, Calvaruso V, et al. Rete Sicilia Selezione Terapia – HCV (RESIST-HCV) and Italian Liver Cancer (ITA.LI.CA.) Group. Direct-acting antivirals after successful treatment of early hepatocellular carcinoma improve survival in HCV-cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2019;71:265-73.
39. Sangiovanni A, Alimenti E, Gattai R, et al. Undefined/non-malignant hepatic nodules are associated with early occurrence of HCC in DAA-treated patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2020;73:593-602.
40. Chi CT, Chen CY, Su CW, et al. Direct-acting antivirals for patients with chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2021;54:385-95.
41. Nishibatake Kinoshita M, Minami T, Tateishi R, et al. Impact of direct-acting antivirals on early recurrence of HCV-related HCC: comparison with interferon-based therapy. J Hepatol 2019;70:78-86.
42. Tahata Y, Sakamori R, Urabe A, et al. Clinical outcomes of direct-acting antiviral treatments for patients with hepatitis C after hepatocellular carcinoma are equivalent to interferon treatment. Hepatol Res 2020;50:1118-27.
43. Adhoute X, Penaranda G, Raoul JL, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis treated with direct-acting antivirals: a case-control study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;30:368-75.
44. Waziry R, Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk following direct-acting antiviral HCV therapy: a systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regression. J Hepatol 2017;67:1204-12.
45. Sapena V, Enea M, Torres F, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after direct-acting antiviral therapy: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Gut 2022;71:593-604.
46. Lui FH, Moosvi Z, Patel A, et al. Decreased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence with direct-acting antivirals compared with no treatment for hepatitis C: a meta-analysis. Ann Gastroenterol 2020;33:293-8.
47. Belli LS, Berenguer M, Cortesi PA, et al. European Liver and Intestine Association (ELITA). Delisting of liver transplant candidates with chronic hepatitis C after viral eradication: A European study. J Hepatol 2016;65:524-31.
48. Ferrarese A, Germani G, Gambato M, et al. Hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis decreased as indication to liver transplantation since the introduction of direct-acting antivirals: a single-center study. World J Gastroenterol 2018;24:4403-11.
49. Zanetto A, Shalaby S, Vitale A, et al. Dropout rate from the liver transplant waiting list because of hepatocellular carcinoma progression in hepatitis C virus-infected patients treated with direct-acting antivirals. Liver Transpl 2017;23:1103-12.
50. Huang AC, Mehta N, Dodge JL, Yao FY, Terrault NA. Direct-acting antivirals do not increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after local-regional therapy or liver transplant waitlist dropout. Hepatology 2018;68:449-61.
51. Emamaullee JA, Bral M, Meeberg G, et al. HCV eradication with direct-acting antivirals does not impact HCC progression on the waiting list or HCC recurrence after liver transplantation. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;2019:2509059.
52. Lim N, Singh D, Jackson S, Lake JR. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus (HCV) liver transplant recipients treated with pretransplant direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. Gastrointest Tumors 2020;7:134-43.
53. Turgeon MK, Shah SA, Delman AM, et al. Optimal timing of administration of direct-acting antivirals for patients with hepatitis C-associated hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2021;274:613-20.
54. Warzyszyńska K, Jonas M, Wasiak D, Kosieradzki M, Małkowski P. Accelerated hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence rate after postoperative direct-acting antivirals treatment - preliminary report. Clin Exp Hepatol 2017;3:194-7.
55. Reig M, Boix L, Mariño Z, Torres F, Forns X, Bruix J. Liver cancer emergence associated with antiviral treatment: an immune surveillance failure? Semin Liver Dis 2017;37:109-18.
56. Sung PS, Shin EC. Immunological mechanisms for hepatocellular carcinoma risk after direct-acting antiviral treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. J Clin Med 2021;10:221.
57. Sung PS, Jang JW. Natural killer cell dysfunction in hepatocellular carcinoma: pathogenesis and clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:3648.
58. Easom NJW, Stegmann KA, Swadling L, et al. IL-15 Overcomes hepatocellular carcinoma-induced NK cell dysfunction. Front Immunol 2018;9:1009.
59. Chu PS, Nakamoto N, Taniki N, et al. On-treatment decrease of NKG2D correlates to early emergence of clinically evident hepatocellular carcinoma after interferon-free therapy for chronic hepatitis C. PLoS One 2017;12:e0179096.
60. Golden-Mason L, McMahan RH, Kriss MS, et al. Early and late changes in natural killer cells in response to ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment. Hepatol Commun 2018;2:364-75.
61. Bolte FJ, O'Keefe AC, Webb LM, et al. Intra-Hepatic depletion of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in hepatitis C virus-induced liver inflammation. Gastroenterology 2017;153:1392-1403.e2.
62. Hengst J, Strunz B, Deterding K, et al. Nonreversible MAIT cell-dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C virus infection despite successful interferon-free therapy. Eur J Immunol 2016;46:2204-10.
63. Villani R, Facciorusso A, Bellanti F, et al. DAAs rapidly reduce inflammation but increase serum vegf level: a rationale for tumor risk during anti-HCV treatment. PLoS One 2016;11:e0167934.
64. Faillaci F, Marzi L, Critelli R, et al. Liver angiopoietin-2 Is a key predictor of de novo or recurrent hepatocellular cancer after hepatitis C virus direct-acting antivirals. Hepatology 2018;68:1010-24.
65. Santangelo L, Bordoni V, Montaldo C, et al. Hepatitis C virus direct-acting antivirals therapy impacts on extracellular vesicles microRNAs content and on their immunomodulating properties. Liver Int 2018;38:1741-50.
66. Giovannini C, Fornari F, Indio V, et al. Direct antiviral treatments for hepatitis C virus have off-target effects of oncologic relevance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:2674.
67. Bojkova D, Westhaus S, Costa R, et al. Sofosbuvir activates EGFR-dependent pathways in hepatoma cells with implications for liver-related pathological processes. Cells 2020;9:1003.
68. Cabibbo G, Petta S, Barbara M, et al. Italian Liver Cancer (ITA.LI.CA) group. Hepatic decompensation is the major driver of death in HCV-infected cirrhotic patients with successfully treated early hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2017;67:65-71.
69. Kamp WM, Sellers CM, Stein S, Lim JK, Kim HS. Impact of direct acting antivirals on survival in patients with chronic hepatitis c and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019;9:17081.
70. Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: [email protected]., Clinical Practice Guidelines Panel: Chair:., EASL Governing Board representative:., Panel members:. EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: final update of the series. J Hepatol 2020;73:1170-218.
71. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 2018;68:723-50.
72. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int 2017;11:317-70.
