REFERENCES
1. Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: [email protected], European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018;69:182-236.
2. Hasegawa K, Kokudo N, Makuuchi M, et al. Comparison of resection and ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a cohort study based on a Japanese nationwide survey. J Hepatol 2013;58:724-9.
3. Heimbach JK, Kulik LM, Finn RS, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018;67:358-80.
4. Portolani N, Coniglio A, Ghidoni S, et al. Early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Ann Surg 2006;243:229-35.
5. Ouyang L, Lee J, Park CK, et al. Whole-genome sequencing of matched primary and metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas. BMC Med Genomics 2014;7:2.
6. Choi JH, Kim MJ, Park YK, et al. Mutations acquired by hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence give rise to an aggressive phenotype. Oncotarget 2017;8:22903-16.
7. Okajima W, Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, et al. Liquid biopsy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids. World J Gastroenterol 2017;23:5650-68.
8. Ma J, Zheng B, Goswami S, et al. PD1Hi CD8+ T cells correlate with exhausted signature and poor clinical outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2019;7:331.
9. Sun HC, Tang ZY, Wang L, et al. Postoperative interferon alpha treatment postponed recurrence and improved overall survival in patients after curative resection of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006;132:458-65.
10. Zhang W, Song TQ, Zhang T, et al. Adjuvant interferon for early or late recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma following curative treatment: a meta-analysis with comparison of different types of hepatitis. Mol Clin Oncol 2014;2:1125-34.
11. Yin J, Li N, Han Y, et al. Effect of antiviral treatment with nucleotide/nucleoside analogs on postoperative prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a two-stage longitudinal clinical study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3647-55.
12. Wang Z, Ren Z, Chen Y, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: a randomized controlled study. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24:2074-81.
13. Wei W, Jian PE, Li SH, et al. Adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with solitary tumor and microvascular invasion: a randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018;38:61.
14. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. SHARP Investigators Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2008;359:378-90.
15. Bruix J, Takayama T, Mazzaferro V, et al. Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:1344-54.
16. Kudo M, Finn RS, Qin S, et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018;391:1163-73.
17. Bruix J, da Fonseca LG, Reig M. Insights into the success and failure of systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16:617-30.
18. Xia Y, Qiu Y, Li J, et al. Adjuvant therapy with capecitabine postpones recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:3137-44.
19. Chen K, Xia Y, Wang H, Xiao F, Xiang G, Shen F. Adjuvant iodine-125 brachytherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma after complete hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2013;8:e57397.
20. Gabrielson A, Wu Y, Wang H, et al. Intratumoral CD3 and CD8 T-cell densities associated with relapse-free survival in HCC. Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4:419-30.
21. Chen DS, Hurwitz H. Combinations of bevacizumab with cancer immunotherapy. Cancer J 2018;24:193-204.
22. von Felden J, Craig AJ, Garcia-Lezana T, et al. Mutations in circulating tumor DNA predict primary resistance to systemic therapies in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2021;40:140-51.
23. Brown ZJ, Greten TF, Heinrich B. Adjuvant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: prospect of immunotherapy. Hepatology 2019;70:1437-42.
24. Takayama T, Sekine T, Makuuchi M, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy to lower postsurgical recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356:802-7.
25. Lee JH, Tak WY, Lee Y, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous dendritic cells for hepatocellular carcinoma, randomized phase II study. Oncoimmunology 2017;6:e1328335.
26. Kuang M, Peng BG, Lu MD, et al. Phase II randomized trial of autologous formalin-fixed tumor vaccine for postsurgical recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:1574-9.
27. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. IMbrave150 Investigators. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1894-905.
28. Yau T, Kang YK, Kim TY, et al. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: The CheckMate 040 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:e204564.
29. Zhu AX, Finn RS, Edeline J, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib (KEYNOTE-224): a non-randomised, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:940-52.
30. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Nakahira S, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgical resection (SR) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (NIVOLVE): a phase 2 prospective multicenter single-arm trial and exploratory biomarker analysis. JCO 2021;39:4070.
31. Liu J, Wang S, Zhang Y, Fan HT, Lin HS. Traditional Chinese medicine and cancer: History, present situation, and development. Thorac Cancer 2015;6:561-9.
32. Chen Q, Shu C, Laurence AD, et al. Effect of Huaier granule on recurrence after curative resection of HCC: a multicentre, randomised clinical trial. Gut 2018;67:2006-16.
33. Zhai XF, Liu XL, Shen F, Fan J, Ling CQ. Traditional herbal medicine prevents postoperative recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled study. Cancer 2018;124:2161-8.
34. Lencioni R, Petruzzi P, Crocetti L. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Intervent Radiol 2013;30:3-11.
35. Jianyong L, Jinjing Z, Wentao W, et al. Preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single center analysis. Ann Hepatol 2014;13:394-402.
36. Zhang Z, Wu M, Liu Q. The effect of preoperative transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization on disease-free survival after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcninoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1999;21:214-6.
37. Monden M, Okamura J, Sakon M, et al. Significance of transcatheter chemoembolization combined with surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989;23 Suppl:S90-5.
38. Qi X, Liu L, Wang D, Li H, Su C, Guo X. Hepatic resection alone versus in combination with pre- and post-operative transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2015;6:36838-59.
39. Zhang Y, Huang G, Wang Y, et al. Is salvage liver resection necessary for initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients downstaged by transarterial chemoembolization? Oncologist 2016;21:1442-9.
40. Kallini JR, Gabr A, Salem R, Lewandowski RJ. Transarterial radioembolization with Yttrium-90 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv Ther 2016;33:699-714.
41. Gaba RC, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik LM, et al. Radiation lobectomy: preliminary findings of hepatic volumetric response to lobar yttrium-90 radioembolization. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;16:1587-96.
42. Salem R, Johnson GE, Kim E, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for the treatment of solitary, unresectable HCC: the LEGACY study. Hepatology 2021; doi: 10.1002/hep.31819.
43. Schwarz RE, Abou-Alfa GK, Geschwind JF, Krishnan S, Salem R, Venook AP. American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association. Nonoperative therapies for combined modality treatment of hepatocellular cancer: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford) 2010;12:313-20.
44. Li S, Zhong C, Li Q, et al. Neoadjuvant transarterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX could improve outcomes of resectable BCLC stage A/B hepatocellular carcinoma patients beyond Milan criteria: an interim analysis of a multi-center, phase 3, randomized, controlled clinical trial. JCO 2021;39:4008.
