fig1

Figure 1. Summary of the types, characteristics, and functions of CD4⁺ effector T-cells. Each effector T-cell develops from naïve T-cells under stimulation by several cytokines. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) suppresses Th22 differentiation. Transcription factors and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) molecules required for differentiation are listed, with those in red involved in positive regulation and those in blue involved in negative regulation. Th: T helper; Treg: regulatory T-cell; Tfh: T follicular helper; T-bet: T-box expressed in T-cells; GATA-3: GATA binding protein 3; IL: interleukin; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; CCR: C-C motif chemokine receptor; CXCR: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; IRF4: IFN regulatory factor 4; FoxP3: forkhead box P3; ROR-γt: retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma-t; Gfi1: growth factor independent 1; LXR: liver X receptor; Eomes: eomesodermin; AHR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; PD-1: programmed cell death-1; ICOS: inducible costimulatory; Ascl2: achaetescute homolog 2; TCF-1: T-cell factor 1; LEF-1: lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1; Blimp-1: B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1.