REFERENCES
1. Perugorria MJ, Olaizola P, Banales JM. Cholangiocyte-to-hepatocyte differentiation: a context - dependent process and an opportunity for regenerative medicine. Hepatology 2019;69:480-3.
2. Michalopoulos GK. Principles of liver regeneration and growth homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2013;3:485-513.
3. Fujii H, Hirose T, Oe S, et al. Contribution of bone marrow cells to liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. J Hepatol 2002;36:653-659.
4. Michalopoulos GK, Khan Z. Liver stem cells: experimental findings and implications for human liver disease. Gastroenterology 2015;149:876-82.
5. Jiang JX, Török NJ. Liver injury and the activation of the hepatic myofibroblasts. Curr Pathobiol Rep 2013;1:215-23.
6. Cordero-Espinoza L, Huch M. The balancing act of the liver: tissue regeneration versus fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018;128:85-96.
7. Xu J, Kisseleva T. Bone marrow-derived fibrocytes contribute to liver fibrosis. Exp Biol Med 2015;240:691-700.
8. Bellini A, Mattoli S. The role of the fibrocyte, a bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor, in reactive and reparative fibroses. Lab Invest 2007;87:858-70.
9. Ling C, Nishimoto K, Rolfs Z, Smith LM, Frey BL, Welham NV. Differentiated fibrocytes assume a functional mesenchymal phenotype with regenerative potential. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaav7384.
10. Markets R and. Global Organ Transplantation Market Review 2014-2019 - Forecast to 2024. Available from: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-organ-transplantation-market-review-2014-2019---forecast-to-2024-300952739.html. [Last accessed on 20 Apr 2021].
11. Lange C, Bassler P, Lioznov M-V, et al. Liver-specific gene expression in mesenchymal stem cells is induced by liver cells. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:4497-504.
12. Ong S-Y, Dai H, Leong KW. Inducing hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in pellet culture. Biomaterials 2006;27:4087-97.
13. Campagnoli C, Roberts IA, Kumar S, Bennett PR, Bellantuono I, Fisk NM. Identification of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in human first-trimester fetal blood, liver, and bone marrow. Blood 2001;98:2396-402.
14. De Ugarte DA, Morizono K, Elbarbary A, et al. Comparison of multi-lineage cells from human adipose tissue and bone marrow. Cells Tissues Organs 2003;174:101-9.
15. Erices A, Conget P, Minguell JJ. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br J Haematol 2000;109:235-42.
16. Jiang Y, Vaessen B, Lenvik T, Blackstad M, Reyes M, Verfaillie CM. Multipotent progenitor cells can be isolated from postnatal murine bone marrow, muscle, and brain. Exp Hematol 2002;30:896-904.
17. Zvaifler NJ, Marinova-Mutafchieva L, Adams G, et al. Mesenchymal precursor cells in the blood of normal individuals. Arthritis Res 2000;2:477-88.
18. Bernardo ME, Cometa AM, Pagliara D, et al. Ex vivo expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011;24:73-81.
19. Chapel A, Bertho JM, Bensidhoum M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells home to injured tissues when co-infused with hematopoietic cells to treat a radiation-induced multi-organ failure syndrome. J Gene Med 2003;5:1028-38.
20. Eom YW, Shim KY, Baik SK. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver fibrosis. Korean J Intern Med 2015;30:580-9.
21. Forbes SJ, Gupta S, Dhawan A. Cell therapy for liver disease: From liver transplantation to cell factory. J Hepatol 2015;62:S157-69.
22. Av P, Ia V. Expression of early hematopoietic markers in cord blood and mobilized blood. Tsitologiia 2012;54:774-82.
23. Martinez-Agosto JA, Mikkola HKA, Hartenstein V, Banerjee U. The hematopoietic stem cell and its niche: a comparative view. Genes Dev 2007;21:3044-3060.
24. Mizukoshi E, Kaneko S. Immune cell therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hematol Oncol 2019;12:52.
25. Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 1997;275:964-6.
26. Kaushal S, Amiel GE, Guleserian KJ, et al. Functional small-diameter neovessels created using endothelial progenitor cells expanded ex vivo. Nat Med 2001;7:1035-40.
27. El-Ansary M, Abdel-Aziz I, Mogawer S, et al. Phase II trial: undifferentiated versus differentiated autologous mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in Egyptian patients with HCV induced liver cirrhosis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012;8:972-81.
28. Satija NK, Singh VK, Verma YK, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy: a new paradigm in regenerative medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2009;13:4385-402.
29. Dominici M, Blanc KL, Mueller I, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2006;8:315-7.
30. Huang L, Zhang C, Gu J, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell infusion for children with cerebral palsy. Cell Transplant 2018;27:325-34.
31. Chamberlain G, Fox J, Ashton B, Middleton J. Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing. Stem Cell 2007;25:2739-49.
32. Sordi V, Malosio ML, Marchesi F, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express a restricted set of functionally active chemokine receptors capable of promoting migration to pancreatic islets. Blood 2005;106:419-27.
33. Ullah M, Liu DD, Thakor AS. Mesenchymal stromal cell homing: mechanisms and strategies for improvement. iScience 2019;15:421-38.
34. Xiang G, Zhang G, Fang C, Gao P, Chen K. A preliminary study of the homing capacity of allograft mesenchymal stem cells to rat liver. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2005;25:994-7.
35. Gao J, Dennis JE, Muzic RF, Lundberg M, Caplan AI. The dynamic in vivo distribution of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells after infusion. Cells Tissues Organs ;169:12-20.
36. Wojakowski W, Tendera M, Michałowska A, et al. Mobilization of CD34/CXCR4+, CD34/CD117+, c-met+ stem cells, and mononuclear cells expressing early cardiac, muscle, and endothelial markers into peripheral blood in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004;110:3213-20.
37. Bowie MB, McKnight KD, Kent DG, McCaffrey L, Hoodless PA, Eaves CJ. Hematopoietic stem cells proliferate until after birth and show a reversible phase-specific engraftment defect. J Clin Invest 2006;116:2808-16.
38. Gordon MY, Levicar N, Pai M, et al. Characterization and clinical application of human CD34+ stem/progenitor cell populations mobilized into the blood by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Stem Cells 2006;24:1822-30.
39. Kollet O, Shivtiel S, Chen Y-Q, et al. HGF, SDF-1, and MMP-9 are involved in stress-induced human CD34+ stem cell recruitment to the liver. J Clin Invest 2003;112:160-9.
40. Jin DK, Shido K, Kopp H-G, et al. Cytokine-mediated deployment of SDF-1 induces revascularization through recruitment of CXCR4+ hemangiocytes. Nat Med 2006;12:557-67.
41. Petit I, Jin D, Rafii S. The SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling pathway: a molecular hub modulating neo-angiogenesis. Trends Immunol 2007;28:299-307.
42. Tang YL, Zhu W, Cheng M, et al. Hypoxic preconditioning enhances the benefit of cardiac progenitor cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction by inducing CXCR4 expression. Circ Res 2009;104:1209-16.
44. Kahn J, Byk T, Jansson-Sjostrand L, et al. Overexpression of CXCR4 on human CD34+ progenitors increases their proliferation, migration, and NOD/SCID repopulation. Blood 2004;103:2942-9.
45. Liu H, Liu S, Li Y, et al. The role of SDF-1-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in the therapeutic effects of hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. PloS One 2012;7:e34608.
46. Zhang D, Fan GC, Zhou X, et al. Over-expression of CXCR4 on mesenchymal stem cells augments myoangiogenesis in the infarcted myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008;44:281-92.
47. Lei Y, Liu Z, Han Q, Kang W, Zhang L, Lou S. G-CSF enhanced SDF-1 gradient between bone marrow and liver associated with mobilization of peripheral blood CD34+ cells in rats with acute liver failure. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:285-91.
48. Ma HC, Shi XL, Ren HZ, Yuan XW, Ding YT. Targeted migration of mesenchymal stem cells modified with CXCR4 to acute failing liver improves liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:14884-94.
49. Wynn RF, Hart CA, Corradi-Perini C, et al. A small proportion of mesenchymal stem cells strongly expresses functionally active CXCR4 receptor capable of promoting migration to bone marrow. Blood 2004;104:2643-5.
50. Du Z, Wei C, Yan J, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 improve early liver regeneration of small-for-size liver grafts. Liver Transpl 2013;19:215-25.
51. Schwartz RE, Reyes M, Koodie L, et al. Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells. J Clin Invest 2002;109:1291-302.
52. Zhang GZ, Sun HC, Zheng LB, Guo JB, Zhang XL. In vivo hepatic differentiation potential of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells: therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2017;23:8152-68.
53. Sato Y, Araki H, Kato J, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells xenografted directly to rat liver are differentiated into human hepatocytes without fusion. Blood 2005;106:756-63.
54. Dai LJ, Li HY, Guan LX, Ritchie G, Zhou JX. The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on hepatic cirrhosis. Stem Cell Res 2009;2:16-25.
55. Yan Y, Xu W, Qian H, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cords ameliorate mouse hepatic injury in vivo. Liver Int 2009;29:356-65.
56. Jang YY, Collector MI, Baylin SB, Diehl AM, Sharkis SJ. Hematopoietic stem cells convert into liver cells within days without fusion. Nat Cell Biol 2004;6:532-9.
57. Chen L, Zhang C, Chen L, et al. Human menstrual blood-derived stem cells ameliorate liver fibrosis in mice by targeting hepatic stellate cells via paracrine mediators. STEM CELLS Transl Med 2017;6:272-84.
58. Skalnikova H. Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Biochimie 2013;95:2196-211.
59. Wang J, Bian C, Liao L, et al. Inhibition of hepatic stellate cells proliferation by mesenchymal stem cells and the possible mechanisms. Hepatol Res 2009;39:1219-28.
60. Rabani V, Shahsavani M, Gharavi M, Piryaei A, Azhdari Z, Baharvand H. Mesenchymal stem cell infusion therapy in a carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model affects matrix metalloproteinase expression. Cell Biol Int 2010;34:601-5.
61. Sakaida I, Terai S, Yamamoto N, et al. Transplantation of bone marrow cells reduces CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 2004;40:1304-11.
62. Wang L, Wang X, Wang L, et al. Hepatic vascular endothelial growth factor regulates recruitment of rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cell progenitor cells. Gastroenterology 2012;143:1555-63.e2.
63. Kim SU, Oh HJ, Wanless IR, Lee S, Han K-H, Park YN. The Laennec staging system for histological sub-classification of cirrhosis is useful for stratification of prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012;57:556-63.
64. Gorji S, Karimpor Malekshah AA, Hashemi-Soteh MB, Rafiei A, Parivar K, Aghdami N. Effect of mesenchymal stem cells on Doxorubicin-induced fibrosis. Cell J 2012;14:142-51.
65. Zhang D, Jiang M, Miao D. Transplanted human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis in mouse. PloS One 2011;6:e16789.
66. Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: critical analysis of mechanistic dilemmas. Am J Pathol 2010;176:2-13.
67. Marsden ER, Hu Z, Fujio K, Nakatsukasa H, Thorgeirsson SS, Evarts RP. Expression of acidic fibroblast growth factor in regenerating liver and during hepatic differentiation. Lab Invest 1992;67:427-33.
68. Webber EM, Godowski PJ, Fausto N. In vivo response of hepatocytes to growth factors requires an initial priming stimulus. Hepatology 1994;19:489-97.
69. Nozawa K, Kurumiya Y, Yamamoto A, Isobe Y, Suzuki M, Yoshida S. Up-regulation of telomerase in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. J Biochem 1999;126:361-7.
70. Li W-L, Su J, Yao Y-C, et al. Isolation and characterization of bipotent liver progenitor cells from adult mouse. Stem Cells 2006;24:322-32.
71. Wang J, Cen P, Chen J, et al. Role of mesenchymal stem cells, their derived factors, and extracellular vesicles in liver failure. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017;8:137.
72. Tan CY, Lai RC, Wong W, Dan YY, Lim S-K, Ho HK. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote hepatic regeneration in drug-induced liver injury models. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014;5:76.
73. Li T, Yan Y, Wang B, et al. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate liver fibrosis. Stem Cells Dev 2012;22:845-54.
74. Robbins PD, Morelli AE. Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Immunol 2014;14:195-208.
75. Zhang B, Yin Y, Lai RC, Tan SS, Choo ABH, Lim SK. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete immunologically active exosomes. Stem Cells Dev 2014;23:1233-44.
76. Weiss ARR, Dahlke MH. Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): mechanisms of action of living, apoptotic, and dead MSCs. Front Immunol 2019;10:1191.
77. De Miguel MP, Fuentes-Julián S, Blázquez-Martínez A, et al. Immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells: advances and applications. Curr Mol Med 2012;12:574-91.
78. Sato K, Ozaki K, Oh I, et al. Nitric oxide plays a critical role in suppression of T-cell proliferation by mesenchymal stem cells. Blood 2007;109:228-34.
79. Wang D, Mann JR, DuBois RN. The role of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1445-61.
80. Breyer RM, Bagdassarian CK, Myers SA, Breyer MD. Prostanoid receptors: subtypes and signaling. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;41:661-90.
81. Samuelsson B, Morgenstern R, Jakobsson PJ. Membrane prostaglandin E synthase-1: a novel therapeutic target. Pharmacol Rev 2007;59:207-24.
82. Spaggiari GM, Abdelrazik H, Becchetti F, Moretta L. MSCs inhibit monocyte-derived DC maturation and function by selectively interfering with the generation of immature DCs: central role of MSC-derived prostaglandin E2. Blood 2009;113:6576-83.
83. Linnemeyer PA, Pollack SB. Prostaglandin E2-induced changes in the phenotype, morphology, and lytic activity of IL-2-activated natural killer cells. J Immunol 1993;150:3747-54.
84. Yakar I, Melamed R, Shakhar G, et al. Prostaglandin e(2) suppresses NK activity in vivo and promotes postoperative tumor metastasis in rats. Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:469-79.
85. Wang X, Willenbring H, Akkari Y, et al. Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes. Nature 2003;422:897-901.
86. Volarevic V, Al-Qahtani A, Arsenijevic N, Pajovic S, Lukic ML. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and IL-1Ra producing mesenchymal stem cells as modulators of diabetogenesis. Autoimmunity 2010;43:255-63.
87. Parekkadan B, van Poll D, Suganuma K, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived molecules reverse fulminant hepatic failure. PloS One 2007;2:e941.
88. Djouad F, Charbonnier L-M, Bouffi C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the differentiation of dendritic cells through an interleukin-6-dependent mechanism. Stem Cells 2007;25:2025-32.
89. Jiang X-X, Zhang Y, Liu B, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood 2005;105:4120-6.
90. Usunier B, Benderitter M, Tamarat R, Chapel A. Management of fibrosis: the mesenchymal stromal cells breakthrough. Stem Cells Int 2014;2014:340257.
91. Semedo P, Correa-Costa M, Antonio Cenedeze M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate renal fibrosis through immune modulation and remodeling properties in a rat remnant kidney model. Stem Cells 2009;27:3063-73.
92. Wu Y, Huang S, Enhe J, et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell attenuates skin fibrosis development in mice. Int Wound J 2014;11:701-10.
93. Ali G, Mohsin S, Khan M, et al. Nitric oxide augments mesenchymal stem cell ability to repair liver fibrosis. J Transl Med 2012;10:75.
94. Chen S, Xu L, Lin N, Pan W, Hu K, Xu R. Activation of Notch1 signaling by marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through cell-cell contact inhibits proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. Life Sci 2011;89:975-81.
95. Parekkadan B, van Poll D, Megeed Z, et al. Immunomodulation of activated hepatic stellate cells by mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007;363:247-52.
96. Lin N, Hu K, Chen S, et al. Nerve growth factor-mediated paracrine regulation of hepatic stellate cells by multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Life Sci 2009;85:291-5.
97. Duman DG, Zibandeh N, Ugurlu MU, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells suppress hepatic fibrosis accompanied by expanded intrahepatic natural killer cells in rat fibrosis model. Mol Biol Rep 2019;46:2997-3008.
98. Gao B, Radaeva S. Natural killer and natural killer T cells in liver fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013;1832:1061-9.
99. Singer NG, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation. Annu Rev Pathol 2011;6:457-78.
100. Clément S, Pascarella S, Negro F. Hepatitis C virus infection: molecular pathways to steatosis, insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Viruses 2009;1:126-43.
101. Tanikawa K, Torimura T. Studies on oxidative stress in liver diseases: important future trends in liver research. Med Mol Morphol 2006;39:22-7.
102. Ivanov AV, Smirnova OA, Ivanova ON, Masalova OV, Kochetkov SN, Isaguliants MG. Hepatitis C virus proteins activate NRF2/ARE pathway by distinct ROS-dependent and independent mechanisms in HUH7 cells. PloS One 2011;6:e24957.
104. Cash WJ, McCance DR, Young IS, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction but not increased cardiovascular risk. Hepatol Res 2010;40:1098-106.
105. Cho K-A, Woo S-Y, Seoh J-Y, Han H-S, Ryu K-H. Mesenchymal stem cells restore CCl4-induced liver injury by an antioxidative process. Cell Biol Int 2012;36:1267-74.
106. Parola M, Robino G. Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2001;35:297-306.
107. Quintanilha LF, Takami T, Hirose Y, et al. Canine mesenchymal stem cells show antioxidant properties against thioacetamide-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo. Hepatol Res 2014;44:E206-17.
108. Ayatollahi M, Hesami Z, Jamshidzadeh A, Gramizadeh B. Antioxidant effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative damage in rat livers. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2014;5:166-73.
109. Ledda-Columbano GM, Coni P, Curto M, et al. Induction of two different modes of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, in rat liver after a single dose of thioacetamide. Am J Pathol 1991;139:1099-109.
110. Li X, Benjamin IS, Alexander B. Reproducible production of thioacetamide-induced macronodular cirrhosis in the rat with no mortality. J Hepatol 2002;36:488-93.
111. Weber LWD, Boll M, Stampfl A. Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model. Crit Rev Toxicol 2003;33:105-36.
112. Joyeux M, Rolland A, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, Dorfman P. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced injury in isolated rat hepatocytes: a model for studying anti-hepatotoxic crude drugs. Planta Med 1990;56:171-4.
113. Devasagayam TPA, Tilak JC, Boloor KK, Sane KS, Ghaskadbi SS, Lele RD. Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. J Assoc Physicians India 2004;52:794-804.
114. Dey R, Kemp K, Gray E, Rice C, Scolding N, Wilkins A. Human mesenchymal stem cells increase anti-oxidant defences in cells derived from patients with Friedreich’s ataxia. Cerebellum 2012;11:861-71.
115. Kharaziha P, Hellström PM, Noorinayer B, et al. Improvement of liver function in liver cirrhosis patients after autologous mesenchymal stem cell injection: a phase I–II clinical trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;21:1199-205.
116. Jang YO, Kim YJ, Baik SK, et al. Histological improvement following administration of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for alcoholic cirrhosis: a pilot study. Liver Int 2014;34:33-41.
117. Suk KT, Yoon J-H, Kim MY, et al. Transplantation with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for alcoholic cirrhosis: Phase 2 trial. Hepatology 2016;64:2185-97.
118. Alimoghaddam K, Mohamadnejad M, Bonab MM, et al. 106: Phase 1 Trial of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008;14:41.
119. Liver Diseases and Mesenchymal Stem Cells - List Results. Home - ClinicalTrials.gov, US National Library of Medicine, NIH. Available from: clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Liver+Diseases. [Last accessed on 12 Jul 2021].
120. Amer M-EM, El-Sayed SZ, El-Kheir WA, et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with end-stage liver cell failure injected with bone marrow-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;23:936-41.
121. Xue H-L, Zeng W-Z, Wu X-L, et al. Clinical therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in the treatment of end-stage liver disease. Transplant Proc 2015;47:412-8.
122. PT. Prodia Stem Cell Indonesia. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell for Liver Cirrhosis Patient Caused by Hepatitis B: Phase I/ II Study. clinicaltrials.gov; 2020. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04357600. [Last accessed on 20 Apr 2021].
123. Kantarcioglu M. Efficacy of Exvivo Expanded Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Via Peripheral Vein in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis. clinicaltrials.gov; 2012. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01499459. [Last accessed on 20 Apr 2021].
124. Mohamadnejad M, Alimoghaddam K, Bagheri M, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in decompensated cirrhosis. Liver Int 2013;33:1490-6.
125. Yu SJ, Chen LM, Lyu S, et al. Safety and efficacy of human umbilical cord derived-mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for treating patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2016;24:51-5.
126. Sakai Y, Takamura M, Seki A, et al. Phase I clinical study of liver regenerative therapy for cirrhosis by intrahepatic arterial infusion of freshly isolated autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem (regenerative) cell. Regen Ther 2017;6:52-64.
127. Friedenstein AJ, Chailakhjan RK, Lalykina KS. The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells. Cell Prolif 1970;3:393-403.
128. Yang X, Meng Y, Han Z, Ye F, Wei L, Zong C. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver disease: full of chances and challenges. Cell Biosci 2020;10:123.
129. Batsali AK, Kastrinaki MC, Papadaki HA, Pontikoglou C. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord: biological properties and emerging clinical applications. Curr Stem Cell Res 2013;8:144-55.
130. Mueller SM, Glowacki J. Age-related decline in the osteogenic potential of human bone marrow cells cultured in three-dimensional collagen sponges. J Cell Biochem 2001;82:583-90.
131. Lu LL, Liu YJ, Yang SG, et al. Isolation and characterization of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells with hematopoiesis-supportive function and other potentials. Haematologica 2006;91:1017-26.
132. Hsieh J-Y, Fu Y-S, Chang S-J, Tsuang Y-H, Wang H-W. Functional module analysis reveals differential osteogenic and stemness potentials in human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and Wharton’s jelly of umbilical cord. Stem Cells Dev 2010;19:1895-910.
133. Cho PS, Messina DJ, Hirsh EL, et al. Immunogenicity of umbilical cord tissue derived cells. Blood 2008;111:430-8.
134. Deuse T, Stubbendorff M, Tang-Quan K, et al. Immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties of umbilical cord lining mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplant 2011;20:655-67.
135. Eggenhofer E, Benseler V, Kroemer A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells are short-lived and do not migrate beyond the lungs after intravenous infusion. Front Immunol 2012;3:297.
136. Higashimoto M, Sakai Y, Takamura M, et al. Adipose tissue derived stromal stem cell therapy in murine ConA-derived hepatitis is dependent on myeloid-lineage and CD4+ T-cell suppression. Eur J Immunol 2013;43:2956-68.
137. Cao H, Yang J, Yu J, et al. Therapeutic potential of transplanted placental mesenchymal stem cells in treating Chinese miniature pigs with acute liver failure. BMC Med 2012;10:56.
138. Li J, Zhang L, Xin J, et al. Immediate intraportal transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells prevents death from fulminant hepatic failure in pigs. Hepatology 2012;56:1044-52.
139. Amin MA, Sabry D, Rashed LA, et al. Short-term evaluation of autologous transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with cirrhosis: Egyptian study. Clin Transplant 2013;27:607-12.
140. Baertschiger RM, Serre-Beinier V, Morel P, et al. Fibrogenic potential of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in injured liver. PloS One 2009;4:e6657.
141. di Bonzo LV, Ferrero I, Cravanzola C, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells as a two-edged sword in hepatic regenerative medicine: engraftment and hepatocyte differentiation versus profibrogenic potential. Gut 2008;57:223-31.
142. Krampera M, Cosmi L, Angeli R, et al. Role for interferon-gamma in the immunomodulatory activity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2006;24:386-98.
143. Linero I, Chaparro O. Paracrine effect of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissue in bone regeneration. PLoS One 2014;9:e107001.
144. Giuliani M, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Nanbakhsh A, et al. TLR ligands stimulation protects MSC from NK killing. Stem Cells 2014;32:290-300.
145. Kang SH, Kim MY, Eom YW, Baik SK. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of liver disease: present and perspectives. Gut Liver 2020;14:306-15.
146. Liu Y, Xiong Y, Xing F. Precise regulation of miR-210 is critical for the cellular homeostasis maintenance and transplantation efficacy enhancement of mesenchymal stem cells in acute liver failure therapy. Cell Transplant 2017;9:805-20.
147. Bruno S, Collino F, Deregibus MC, Grange C, Tetta C, Camussi G. Microvesicles derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit tumor growth. Stem Cells Dev 2013;22:758-71.
148. Studeny M, Marini FC, Champlin RE, Zompetta C, Fidler IJ, Andreeff M. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells as vehicles for interferon-beta delivery into tumors. Cancer Res 2002;62:3603-8.
149. Xie C, Xie DY, Lin BL, et al. Interferon- β gene-modified human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibiting AKT/FOXO3a pathway. Br J Cancer 2013;109:1198-205.
150. Su Y, Cheng R, Zhang J, et al. Interferon-α2b gene-modified human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma by reducing the Notch1 levels. Life Sci 2015;143:18-26.
151. Sun XY, Nong J, Qin K, et al. MSC (TRAIL)-mediated HepG2 cell death in direct and indirect co-cultures. Anticancer Res 2011;31:3705-12.
152. Zhang B, Shan H, Li D, Li ZR, Zhu KS, Jiang ZB. The inhibitory effect of MSCs expressing TRAIL as a cellular delivery vehicle in combination with cisplatin on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2012;13:1175-84.
153. Chen X, Wang R, Zhao X, et al. Prophylaxis against carcinogenesis in three kinds of unestablished tumor models via IL12-gene-engineered MSCs. Carcinogenesis 2006;27:2434-41.
154. Lai RC, Yeo RWY, Tan KH, Lim SK. Exosomes for drug delivery - a novel application for the mesenchymal stem cell. Biotechnol Adv 2013;31:543-51.
155. Kang K, Ma R, Cai W, et al. Exosomes secreted from CXCR4 overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells promote cardioprotection via Akt signaling pathway following myocardial infarction. Stem Cells Int 2015;2015:659890.
156. Mirotsou M, Zhang Z, Deb A, et al. Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) is the key Akt-mesenchymal stem cell-released paracrine factor mediating myocardial survival and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:1643-8.
157. Wang X, Zhao T, Huang W, et al. Hsp20-engineered mesenchymal stem cells are resistant to oxidative stress via enhanced activation of Akt and increased secretion of growth factors. Stem Cells 2009;27:3021-31.
158. Herberg S, Shi X, Johnson MH, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Hill WD. Stromal cell-derived factor-1β mediates cell survival through enhancing autophagy in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. PloS One 2013;8:e58207.
159. Semenza GL. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: control of oxygen homeostasis in health and disease. Pediatr Res 2001;49:614-7.
160. Song H, Kwon K, Lim S, et al. Transfection of mesenchymal stem cells with the FGF-2 gene improves their survival under hypoxic conditions. Mol Cells 2005;19:402-7.
161. Liu N, Patzak A, Zhang J. CXCR4-overexpressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve repair of acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013;305:F1064-73.
162. Nakamura Y, Ishikawa H, Kawai K, Tabata Y, Suzuki S. Enhanced wound healing by topical administration of mesenchymal stem cells transfected with stromal cell-derived factor-1. Biomaterials 2013;34:9393-400.
163. Jang YO, Cho M-Y, Yun C-O, et al. Effect of function-enhanced mesenchymal stem cells infected with decorin-expressing adenovirus on hepatic fibrosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016;5:1247-56.
164. Sun C, Li DG, Chen YW, et al. Transplantation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene-modified bone marrow-derived liver stem cells reduces liver fibrosis in rats. J Gene Med 2008;10:855-66.
165. Lan L, Chen Y, Sun C, Sun Q, Hu J, Li D. Transplantation of bone marrow-derived hepatocyte stem cells transduced with adenovirus-mediated IL-10 gene reverses liver fibrosis in rats. Transpl Int 2008;21:581-92.
166. Ji R, Zhang N, You N, et al. The differentiation of MSCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells in a liver biomatrix scaffold and their transplantation into liver-fibrotic mice. Biomaterials 2012;33:8995-9008.
167. Mazzocchi A, Devarasetty M, Huntwork R, Soker S, Skardal A. Optimization of collagen type I-hyaluronan hybrid bioink for 3D bioprinted liver microenvironments. Biofabrication 2018;11:015003.
168. Skardal A, Smith L, Bharadwaj S, Atala A, Soker S, Zhang Y. Tissue specific synthetic ECM hydrogels for 3-D in vitro maintenance of hepatocyte function. Biomaterials 2012;33:4565-75.
169. Rashidi H, Alhaque S, Szkolnicka D, Flint O, Hay DC. Fluid shear stress modulation of hepatocyte-like cell function. Arch Toxicol 2016;90:1757-61.
170. Gieseck RL 3rd, Hannan NRF, Bort R, et al. Maturation of induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes by 3D-culture. PLoS One 2014;9:e86372.
171. Wang Y, Wang H, Deng P, et al. In situ differentiation and generation of functional liver organoids from human iPSCs in a 3D perfusable chip system. Lab Chip 2018;18:3606-16.
172. Hu H, Gehart H, Artegiani B, et al. Long-term expansion of functional mouse and human hepatocytes as 3D organoids. Cell 2018;175:1591-1606.e19.
173. Arufe MC, De la Fuente A, Fuentes-Boquete I, De Toro FJ, Blanco FJ. Differentiation of synovial CD-105(+) human mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocyte-like cells through spheroid formation. J Cell Biochem 2009;108:145-55.
174. Zhang X, Hu M-G, Pan K, Li C-H, Liu R. 3D spheroid culture enhances the expression of antifibrotic factors in human adipose-derived MSCs and improves their therapeutic effects on hepatic fibrosis. Stem Cells Int 2016;2016:4626073.
175. Uygun BE, Soto-Gutierrez A, Yagi H, et al. Organ reengineering through development of a transplantable recellularized liver graft using decellularized liver matrix. Nat Med 2010;16:814-20.
176. Wu F, Wu D, Ren Y, et al. Generation of hepatobiliary organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Hepatol 2019;70:1145-58.
177. Katsuda T, Ochiya T, Sakai Y. . Generation of hepatic organoids with biliary structures. In: Tanimizu N, editor. Hepatic Stem Cells. New York: Springer; 2019. pp. 175-85.
178. Takebe T, Zhang R-R, Koike H, et al. Generation of a vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nat Protoc 2014;9:396-409.
179. Nie YZ, Zheng YW, Ogawa M, Miyagi E, Taniguchi H. Human liver organoids generated with single donor-derived multiple cells rescue mice from acute liver failure. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018;9:5.
180. Studeny M, Marini FC, Dembinski JL, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells: potential precursors for tumor stroma and targeted-delivery vehicles for anticancer agents. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:1593-1603.
181. Rhee KJ, Lee JI, Eom YW. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated effects of tumor support or suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:30015-33.
183. Orimo A, Gupta PB, Sgroi DC, et al. Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell 2005;121:335-48.
184. Hung SC, Pochampally RR, Chen SC, Hsu SC, Prockop DJ. Angiogenic effects of human multipotent stromal cell conditioned medium activate the PI3K-Akt pathway in hypoxic endothelial cells to inhibit apoptosis, increase survival, and stimulate angiogenesis. Stem Cells 2007;25:2363-70.
185. Hung SC, Pochampally RR, Hsu SC, et al. Short-term exposure of multipotent stromal cells to low oxygen increases their expression of CX3CR1 and CXCR4 and their engraftment in vivo. PloS One 2007;2:e416.
186. Crisostomo PR, Wang Y, Markel TA, Wang M, Lahm T, Meldrum DR. Human mesenchymal stem cells stimulated by TNF-alpha, LPS, or hypoxia produce growth factors by an NF kappa B- but not JNK-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008;294:C675-82.
