REFERENCES
1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394-424.
2. Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2016;150:835-53.
3. Merle P, Blanc J, Phelip J, Pelletier G, Bronowicki J, et al. Doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after sorafenib treatment failure (RELIVE): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;4:454-65.
5. Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, Daniele B, Llovet J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2018;29:iv238-55.
6. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montaña X, Planas R, Coll S, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1734-9.
7. El-Khoueiry AB, Melero I, Yau T, Crocenzi TS, Kudo M, et al. Impact of antitumor activity on survival outcomes, and nonconventional benefit, with nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: subanalysis of CheckMate-040. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:475.
8. Yau T, Kang YK, Kim TY, El-Khoueiry AB, Santoro A, et al. Nivolumab + ipilimumab combination therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results from CheckMate-040. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:4012.
9. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, Beaugrand M, Lencioni R, et al. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL Conference. J Hepatol 2001;35:421-30.
10. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, et al; SHARP Investigators Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2008;359:378-90.
11. Kudo M, Finn RS, Qin S, Han K, Ikeda K, et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018;391:1163-73.
12. Bruix J, Qin S, Merle P, Granito A, Huang Y, et al. Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2017;389:56-66.
13. Abou-Alfa GK, Meyer T, Cheng AL, El-Khoueiry AB, Rimassa L, et al. Cabozantinib in patients with advanced and progressing hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2018;379:54-63.
14. Zhu AX, Kang Y, Yen C, Finn RS, Galle PR, et al. Ramucirumab after sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and increased α-fetoprotein concentrations (REACH-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2019;20:282-96.
15. Tovoli F, Renzulli M, Negrini G, Brocchi S, Ferrarini A, et al. Inter-operator variability and source of errors in tumour response assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Eur Radiol 2018;28:3611-20.
16. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, et al; IMbrave150 Investigators. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1894-905.
17. Zhu AX, Finn RS, Edeline J, Cattan S, Ogasawara S, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib (KEYNOTE-224): a non-randomised, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:940-52.
18. Finn RS, Ryoo BY, Merle P, Kudo M, Bouattour M, et al. Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in KEYNOTE-240: a randomized, double-blind, phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:193-202.
19. El-Khoueiry AB, Sangro B, Yau T, Crocenzi TS, Kudo M, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial. Lancet 2017;389:2492-502.
20. Yau T, Park JW, Finn RS, Cheng AL, Mathurin P, et al. CheckMate 459: a randomized, multi-center phase III study of nivolumab vs sorafenib as first-line treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Barcelona (Spain): European-Society-for-Medical-Oncology (ESMO) Congress; 2019.
21. Llovet JM, Decaens T, Raoul JL, Boucher E, Kudo M, et al. Brivanib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who were intolerant to sorafenib or for whom sorafenib failed: results from the randomized phase III BRISK-PS study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3509-16.
22. Lencioni R, Montal R, Torres F, Park JW, Decaens T, et al. Objective response by mRECIST as a predictor and potential surrogate end-point of overall survival in advanced HCC. J Hepatol 2017;66:1166-72.
23. Kudo M, Finn RS, Qin SK, Han KH, Ikeda K, et al. Analysis of survival and objective response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a phase III study of lenvatinib (REFLECT). San Francisco: Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium (ASCO GI) Congress; 2019.
24. Bruix J, Huang LP, Nakajima K, Han GH, Meinhardt G, et al. Time to progression and response rate are not reliable surrogate endpoints for overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis from the phase 3 RESORCE trial. San Francisco: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Congress; 2018.
25. Llovet JM, Montal R, Villanueva A. Randomized trials and endpoints in advanced HCC: role of PFS as a surrogate of survival. J Hepatol 2019;70:1262-77.
26. Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A. Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 1981;47:207-14.
27. Zhu AX, Rosmorduc O, Evans TR, Ross PJ, Santoro A, et al. SEARCH: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sorafenib plus erlotinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:559-66.
28. Zhu AX, Kudo M, Assenat E, Cattan S, Kang YK, et al. Effect of everolimus on survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after failure of sorafenib: the EVOLVE-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;312:57-67.
29. Zhu AX, Baron AD, Malfertheiner P, Kudo M, Kawazoe S, et al. Ramucirumab as second-line treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of REACH trial results by child-pugh score. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:235-43.
