REFERENCES
1. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004;130:417-22.
2. Pascual S, Miralles C, Bernabé JM, Irurzun J, Planells M. Surveillance and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. World J Clin Cases 2019;716:2269-86.
3. Ronot M, Pommier R, Dioguardi Burgio M, Purcell Y, Nahon P, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance with ultrasound - cost-effectiveness, high-risk populations, uptake. Br J Radiol 2018;91:20170436.
4. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018;69:182-236.
5. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, Kudo M, Lee JM, et al. Asia-pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int 2017;11:317-70.
6. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018;68:723-50.
7. Kokudo N, Takemura N, Hasegawa K, Takayama T, Kubo S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma: The Japan Society of Hepatology 2017 (4th JSH-HCC guidelines) 2019 update. Hepatology Res 2019;4910:1109-13.
8. Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA); National Cancer Center (NCC), Goyang, Korea. 2018 Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center Korea Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Korean J Radiol 2019;13:227-99.
9. LI-RADS. American College of Radiology; Available from: https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/LI-RADS. [Last accessed on 13 Jul 2020].
10. Kim TH, Kim SY, Tang A, Lee JM. Comparison of international guidelines for noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 update. Clin Mol Hepatol 2019;25:245-63.
11. Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, Massironi S, Colucci A, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, Spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;10:513-23.
12. Kim SY, An J, Lim YS, Han S, Lee JY, et al. MRI with liver-specific contrast for surveillance of patients with cirrhosis at high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:456-63.
13. Singal A, Volk ML, Waljee A, Salgia R, Higgins P, et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:37-47.
14. Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, Parikh ND, Marrero JA, et al. Surveillance Imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2018;154:1706-18.e1.
15. Yu NC, Chaudhari V, Raman SS, Lassman C, Tong MJ, et al. CT and MRI improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with ultrasound alone, in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:161-7.
16. Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, Massironi S, Colucci A, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, Spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:513-23.
17. Samoylova ML, Mehta N, Roberts JP, Yao FY. Predictors of ultrasound failure to detect hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2018;24:1171-7.
18. Singal AG, Conjeevaram HS, Volk ML, Fu S, Fontana RJ, et al. Effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21:793-9.
19. Hanna RF, Miloushev VZ, Tang A, Finklestone LA, Brejt SZ, et al. Comparative 13-year meta-analysis of the sensitivity and positive predictive value of ultrasound, CT, and MRI for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016;41:71-90.
20. Forner A, Reig ME, de Lope CR, Bruix J. Current strategy for staging and treatment: the BCLC update and future prospects. Semin Liver Dis 2010;30:61-74.
21. Balogh J, Victor D, Asham EH, Burroughs SG, Boktour M, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2016;3:41-53.
22. Singal AG, Marrero JA, Yopp A. Screening process failures for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2014;12:375-82.
23. Kim YK, Kim YK, Park HJ, Park MJ, Lee WJ, et al. Noncontrast MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging as the sole imaging modality for detecting liver malignancy in patients with high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Magn Reson Imaging 2014;32:610-8.
24. Han S, Choi JI, Park MY, Choi MH, Rha SE, et al. The diagnostic performance of liver MRI without intravenous contrast for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-controlled feasibility study. Korean J Radiol 2018;19:568-77.
25. Chan MV, McDonald SJ, Ong YY, Mastrocostas K, Ho E, et al. HCC screening: assessment of an abbreviated non-contrast MRI protocol. Eur Radiol Exp 2019;3:49.
26. Lee JY, Huo EJ, Weinstein S, Santos C, Monto A, et al. Evaluation of an abbreviated screening MRI protocol for patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018;43:1627-33.
27. Khatri G, Pedrosa I, Ananthakrishnan L, de Leon AD, Fetzer DT, et al. Abbreviated-protocol screening MRI vs. complete-protocol diagnostic MRI for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: An equivalence study using LI-RADS v2018. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020;51:415-25.
28. Marks RM, Ryan A, Heba ER, Tang A, Wolfson TJ, et al. Diagnostic per-patient accuracy of an abbreviated hepatobiliary phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015;204:527-35.
29. Besa C, Lewis S, Pandharipande PV, Chhatwal J, Kamath A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma detection: diagnostic performance of a simulated abbreviated MRI protocol combining diffusion-weighted and T1-weighted imaging at the delayed phase post gadoxetic acid. Abdom Radiol 2017;42:179-90.
30. Tillman BG, Gorman JD, Hru JM, Lee MH, King MC, et al. Diagnostic per-lesion performance of a simulated gadoxetate disodium-enhanced abbreviated MRI protocol for hepatocellular carcinoma screening. Clin Radiol 2018;73:485-93.
31. Brunsing RL, Chen DH, Schlein A, Wolfson T, Gamst A, et al. Gadoxetate-enhanced abbreviated MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: preliminary experience. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2019;1:e190010.
32. Park SH, Kim B, Kim SY, Shim YS, Kim JH, et al. Abbreviated MRI with optional multiphasic CT as an alternative to full-sequence MRI: LI-RADS validation in a HCC-screening cohort. Eur Radiol 2020;30:2302-11.
33. Canellas R, Rosenkrantz AB, Taouli B, Sala E, Saini S, et al. Abbreviated MRI protocols for the abdomen. Radiographics 2019;39:744-58.
34. Sutherland T, Watts J, Ryan M, Galvin A, Temple F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma screening in chronic liver disease: direct comparison with ultrasound screening. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2017;61:34-9.
35. Hecht EM, Holland AE, Israel GM, Hahn WY, Kim DC, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: gadolinium-enhanced 3D T1-weighted MR imaging as a stand-alone sequence for diagnosis. Radiology 2006;239:438-47.
36. McNamara MM, Thomas JV, Alexander LF, Little MD, Bolus DN, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI as a screening tool for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic livers: correlation with explant data-a pilot study. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018;43:2686-92.
37. Lima PH, Fan B, Bérubé J, Cerny M, Olivié D, et al. Cost-utility analysis of imaging for surveillance and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2019;17:1-9.
38. Cerny M, Bergeron C, Billiard JS, Murphy-Lavallée J, Olivié D, et al. LI-RADS for MR imaging diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: performance of major and ancillary features. Radiology 2018;288:118-28.
39. Park MS, Kim S, Patel J, Hajdu CH, Do RKG, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with diffusion-weighted versus contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in pretransplant patients. Hepatology 2012;56:140-8.
40. Zhang T, Huang ZX, Wei Y, Jiang HY, Chen J, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Can LI-RADS v2017 with gadoxetic-acid enhancement magnetic resonance and diffusion-weighted imaging improve diagnostic accuracy? World J Gastroenterol 2019;25:622-31.
41. Basha MAA, Refaat R, Mohammad FF, Khamis MEM, El-Maghraby AM, et al. The utility of diffusion-weighted imaging in improving the sensitivity of LI-RADS classification of small hepatic observations suspected of malignancy. Abdom Radiol 2019;44:1773-84.
42. Min JH, Kim YK, Choi SY, Jeong WK, Lee WJ, et al. Differentiation between cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma with target sign on diffusion-weighted imaging and hepatobiliary phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging: classification tree analysis applying capsule and septum. Eur J Radiol 2017;92:1-10.
43. Park HJ, Kim YK, Park MJ, Lee WJ. Small intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: target sign on diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiation from hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Imaging 2013;38:793-801.
44. Kanda T, Ishii K, Kawaguchi H, Kitajima K, Takenaka D. High signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images: relationship with increasing cumulative dose of a gadolinium-based contrast material. Radiology 2013;270:834-41.
45. Choi JW, Moon WJ. Gadolinium deposition in the brain: current updates. Korean J Radiol 2019;20:134-47.
46. Reiter T, Ritter O, Prince MR, Nordbeck P, Wanner C, et al. Minimizing risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012;14:31.
47. Shankar S, Kalra N, Bhatia A, Srinivasan R, Singh P, et al. Role of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detection and its grading on 3T MRI: a prospective study. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2016;6:303-10.
48. Chandarana H, Taouli B. Diffusion and perfusion imaging of the liver. Eur J Radiol 2010;76:348-58.
49. Saito K, Moriyasu F, Sugimoto K, Nishio R, Saguchi T, et al. Histological grade of differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of the efficacy of diffusion-weighted MRI with T2-weighted imaging and angiography-assisted CT. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2012;56:261-9.
50. An C, Kim DY, Choi JY, Han KH, Roh YH, et al. Noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging versus ultrasonography for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance (MIRACLE-HCC): study protocol for a prospective randomized trial. BMC Cancer 2018;24:18.
51. Pinho DF, Lev-Cohain N, Awdeh H, Xi Y, Khatri G, et al. Optimization of breathing instructions and timing of late arterial phase acquisition on gadobutrol-enhanced MRI of the liver. Clinical Imaging 2016;40:1274-9.
52. Contrast Manual. American College of Radiology; 2020. Available from: https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Contrast-Manual. [Last accessed on 13 Jul 2020].
53. Wald C, Russo MW, Heimbach JK, Hussain HK, Pomfret EA, et al. New OPTN/UNOS policy for liver transplant allocation: standardization of liver imaging, diagnosis, classification, and reporting of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 2013;266:376-82.
54. Ultrasound LI-RADS v2017. American College of Radiology. Available from: https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/LI-RADS/Ultrasound-LI-RADS-v2017. [Last accessed on 13 Jul 2020].
55. Nassif A, Jia J, Keiser M, Oswald S, Modess C, et al. Visualization of hepatic uptake transporter function in healthy subjects by using gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2012;264:741-50.
56. Sano K, Ichikawa T, Motosugi U, Sou H, Muhi AM, et al. Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2011;261:834-44.
57. Rosenkrantz AB, Campbell N, Wehrli N, Triolo MJ, Kim S. New OPTN/UNOS classification system for nodules in cirrhotic livers detected with MR imaging: effect on hepatocellular carcinoma detection and transplantation allocation. Radiology 2014;274:426-33.
58. Gadolinium Contrast-enhanced Abbreviated MRI (AMRI) vs. Standard Ultrasound for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Surveillance in Patients With Cirrhosis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04288323. [Last accessed on 13 Jul 2020].
59. Goossens N, Singal AG, King LY, Andersson KL, Fuchs BC, et al. Cost-effectiveness of risk score-stratified hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017;8:e101.
60. Goldberg DS, Taddei TH, Serper M, Mehta R, Dieperink E, et al. Identifying barriers to hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in a national sample of patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2017;65:864-74.
61. Chalasani N, Horlander JC, Said A, Hoen H, Kopecky KK, et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2988-93.
62. Goldberg D, Valderrama A, Kamalakar R, Sansgiry S, Babajanyan S, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among cirrhotic patients with commercial health insurance. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016;50:258-65.
63. Zech CJ, Ba-Ssalamah A, Berg T, Chandarana H, Chau GY, et al. Consensus report from the 8th international forum for liver magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2020;30:370-82.
64. Breuer FA, Blaimer M, Mueller MF, Seiberlich N, Heidemann RM, et al. Controlled aliasing in volumetric parallel imaging (2D CAIPIRINHA). Magn Reson Med 2006;55:549-56.
65. Low RN, Bayram E, Panchal NJ, Estkowski L. High-resolution double arterial phase hepatic MRI using adaptive 2D centric view ordering: initial clinical experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194:947-56.
66. Ikram NS, Yee J, Weinstein S, Yeh BM, Corvera CU, et al. Multiple arterial phase MRI of arterial hypervascular hepatic lesions: improved arterial phase capture and lesion enhancement. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017;42:870-6.
67. Brodsky EK, Bultman EM, Johnson KM, Horng DE, Schelman WR, et al. High spatial and high temporal resolution dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion imaging of the liver with time-resolved 3D-radial MRI. Magn Reson Med 2014;71:934-41.
68. Saranathan M, Rettmann DW, Hargreaves BA, Clarke SE, Vasanawala SS. Differential subsampling with cartesian ordering (DISCO): a high spatio-temporal resolution dixon imaging sequence for multiphasic contrast enhanced abdominal imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012;35:1484-92.
69. Shaikh J, Stoddard PB, Levine EG, Roh AT, Saranathan M, et al. View-sharing artifact reduction with retrospective compressed sensing reconstruction in the context of contrast-enhanced liver MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019;49:984-93.
70. Xu B, Spincemaille P, Chen G, Agrawal M, Nguyen TD, et al. Fast 3D contrast enhanced MRI of the liver using temporal resolution acceleration with constrained evolution reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 2013;69:370-81.
71. Cheng JY, Zhang T, Ruangwattanapaisarn N, Alley MT, Uecker M, et al. Free-breathing pediatric MRI with nonrigid motion correction and acceleration. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015;42:407.
72. Hedderich DM, Weiss K, Spiro JE, Giese D, Beck GM, et al. Clinical evaluation of free-breathing contrast-enhanced T1w MRI of the liver using pseudo golden angle radial k-space Sampling. Rofo 2018;190:601-9.
73. Zeng DY, Shaikh J, Holmes S, Brunsing RL, Pauly JM, et al. Deep residual network for off-resonance artifact correction with application to pediatric body MRA with 3D cones. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Magn Reson Med 2019;82:1398-411.
74. Kim YC, Min JH, Kim YK, Lee SJ, Ahn S, et al. Intra-individual comparison of gadolinium-enhanced MRI using pseudo-golden-angle radial acquisition with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for diagnosis of HCCs using LI-RADS. Eur Radiol 2019;29:2058-68.
75. Choi JS, Kim MJ, Chung YE, Kim KA, Choi JY, et al. Comparison of breathhold, navigator-triggered, and free-breathing diffusion-weighted MRI for focal hepatic lesions. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013;38:109-18.
76. Szklaruk J, Son JB, Wei W, Bhosale P, Javadi S, et al. Comparison of free breathing and respiratory triggered diffusion-weighted imaging sequences for liver imaging. World J Radiol 2019;11:134-43.
77. Ichikawa S, Motosugi U, Tamada D, Wakayama T, Sato K, et al. Improving the quality of diffusion-weighted imaging of the left hepatic lobe using weighted averaging of signals from multiple excitations. Magn Reson Med Sci 2019;18:225-32.
78. Zhang Y, Peña-Nogales Ó, Holmes JH, Hernando D. Motion-robust and blood-suppressed M1-optimized diffusion MR imaging of the liver. Magn Reson Med 2019;82:302-11.
79. Rauh SS, Riexinger AJ, Ohlmeyer S, Hammon M, Saake M, et al. A mixed waveform protocol for reduction of the cardiac motion artifact in black-blood diffusion-weighted imaging of the liver. Magn Reson Imaging 2020;67:59-68.
80. Aliotta E, Wu HH, Ennis DB. Convex optimized diffusion encoding (CODE) gradient waveforms for minimum echo time and bulk motion-compensated diffusion-weighted MRI. Magn Reson Med 2017;77:717-29.
81. Aliotta E, Moulin K, Ennis DB. Eddy current-nulled convex optimized diffusion encoding (EN-CODE) for distortion-free diffusion tensor imaging with short echo times. Magn Reson Med 2018;79:663-72.
82. Hasenstab KA, Cunha GM, Higaki A, Ichikawa S, Wang K, et al. Fully automated convolutional neural network-based affine algorithm improves liver registration and lesion co-localization on hepatobiliary phase T1-weighted MR images. Eur Radiol Exp 2019;3:43.
83. Chen F, Cheng JY, Taviani V, Sheth VR, Brunsing RL, et al. Data-driven self-calibration and reconstruction for non-cartesian wave-encoded single-shot fast spin echo using deep learning. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020;51:841-53.
