REFERENCES
1. Heimbach JK, Kulik LM, Finn RS, Sirlin CB, Abecassis MM, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018;67:358-80.
2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address eee, European Association for the Study of the L. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018;69:182-236.
3. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018;68:723-50.
4. Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver - update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013;39:187-210.
5. Jo PC, Jang HJ, Burns PN, Burak KW, Kim TK, et al. Integration of contrast-enhanced US into a multimodality approach to imaging of nodules in a cirrhotic liver: how i do it. Radiology 2017;282:317-31.
7. Ophir J, Parker KJ. Contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 1989;15:319-33.
8. Wilson SR, Burns PN. An algorithm for the diagnosis of focal liver masses using microbubble contrast-enhanced pulse-inversion sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;186:1401-12.
9. Yang HK, Burns PN, Jang HJ, Kono Y, Khalili K, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound approach to the diagnosis of focal liver lesions: the importance of washout. Ultrasonography 2019;38:289-301.
10. Kim TK, Noh SY, Wilson SR, Kono Y, Piscaglia F, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) 2017 - a review of important differences compared to the CT/MRI system. Clin Mol Hepatol 2017;23:280-9.
11. Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Shiraishi J, Saito K, Taira J, et al. Assessment of arterial hypervascularity of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of contrast-enhanced US and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging. Eur Radiol 2012;22:1205-13.
12. Streb JW, Tchelepi H, Malhi H, Deurdulian C, Grant EG. Retrospective analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography effectiveness in reducing time to diagnosis and imaging-related expenditures at a single large United States County hospital. Ultrasound Q 2019;35:99-102.
13. Piscaglia F, Bolondi L; Italian Society for Ultrasound in M, Biology Study Group on Ultrasound Contrast A. The safety of Sonovue in abdominal applications: retrospective analysis of 23188 investigations. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006;32:1369-75.
14. Yusuf GT, Sellars ME, Deganello A, Cosgrove DO, Sidhu PS. Retrospective analysis of the safety and cost implications of pediatric contrast-enhanced ultrasound at a single center. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017;208:446-52.
15. Ntoulia A, Anupindi SA, Darge K, Back SJ. Applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the pediatric abdomen. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018;43:948-59.
16. Lyshchik A, Kono Y, Dietrich CF, Jang HJ, Kim TK, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the liver: technical and lexicon recommendations from the ACR CEUS LI-RADS working group. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018;43:861-79.
17. Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver - update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013;39:187-210.
18. Tang A, Singal AG, Mitchell DG, Hecht EM, Fowler KJ, et al. Introduction to the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17:1228-38.
19. Kono Y, Lyshchik A, Cosgrove D, Dietrich CF, Jang HJ, et al. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS®): the official version by the American College of Radiology (ACR). Ultraschall Med 2017;38:85-6.
20. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, Kudo M, Lee JM, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int 2017;11:317-70.
21. Kudo M, Matsui O, Izumi N, Iijima H, Kadoya M, et al. JSH Consensus-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2014 Update by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Liver Cancer 2014;3:458-68.
22. Korean Liver Cancer Study G, National Cancer Center K. 2014 Korean Liver Cancer Study Group-National Cancer Center Korea practice guideline for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Radiol 2015;16:465-522.
23. Burak KW, Sherman M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: consensus, controversies and future directions. A report from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma Meeting. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;29:178-84.
24. Bolondi L, Cillo U, Colombo M, et al; Italian Association for the Study of the L, Panel AE, Committee AC. Position paper of the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF): the multidisciplinary clinical approach to hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2013;45:712-23.
25. Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver D. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011;53:1020-2.
26. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012;56:908-43.
27. Vilana R, Forner A, Bianchi L, Garcia-Criado A, Rimola J, et al. Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhosis patients may display a vascular pattern similar to hepatocellular carcinoma on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Hepatology 2010;51:2020-9.
28. Han J, Liu Y, Han F, Li Q, Yan C, et al. The degree of contrast washout on contrast-enhanced ultrasound in distinguishing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015;41:3088-95.
29. Li R, Yuan MX, Ma KS, Li XW, Tang CL, et al. Detailed analysis of temporal features on contrast enhanced ultrasound may help differentiate intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. PLoS One 2014;9:e98612.
30. Wildner D, Bernatik T, Greis C, Seitz K, Neurath MF, et al. CEUS in hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma in 320 patients - early or late washout matters: a subanalysis of the DEGUM multicenter trial. Ultraschall Med 2015;36:132-9.
31. Danila M, Sporea I, Popescu A, Şirli R. Portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis - the added value of contrast enhanced ultrasonography. Med Ultrason 2016;18:218-33.
32. Chen J, Zhu J, Zhang C, Song Y, Huang P. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of portal vein thrombosis vs tumor-in-vein in HCC patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2020;30:2871-80.
33. Tublin ME, Dodd GD, Baron RL. Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;168:719-23.
34. Sandrasegaran K, Tahir B, Nutakki K, Akisik FM, Bodanapally U, et al. Usefulness of conventional MRI sequences and diffusion-weighted imaging in differentiating malignant from benign portal vein thrombus in cirrhotic patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;201:1211-9.
35. Burrowes DP, Medellin A, Harris AC, Milot L, Wilson SR. Contrast-enhanced US approach to the diagnosis of focal liver masses. Radiographics 2017;37:1388-400.
36. Burrowes DP, Kono Y, Medellin A, Wilson SR. Update: contrast-enhanced US approach to the diagnosis of focal liver masses. Radiographics 2020;40:E16-20.
37. Dietrich CF, Tana C, Caraiani C, Dong Y. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging of solid benign focal liver lesions. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;12:479-89.
38. Dietrich CF. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of benign focal liver lesions. Ultraschall Med 2019;40:12-29.
39. Kim TK, Lee E, Jang HJ. Imaging findings of mimickers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2015;21:326-43.
40. Lanka B, Jang HJ, Kim TK, Burns PN, Wilson SR. Impact of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in a tertiary clinical practice. J Ultrasound Med 2007;26:1703-14.
41. Hu J, Bhayana D, Burak KW, Wilson SR. Resolution of indeterminate MRI with CEUS in patients at high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020;45:123-33.
42. Kono Y, Sirlin CB, Fetzer DT, Kim TK, Rodgers SK, et al. Time to clarify common misconceptions about the liver imaging reporting and data system for contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 2020;295:245-7.
43. Terzi E, Iavarone M, Pompili M, Veronese L, Cabibbo G, et al. Contrast ultrasound LI-RADS LR-5 identifies hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis in a multicenter restropective study of 1,006 nodules. J Hepatol 2018;68:485-92.
44. Zheng W, Li Q, Zou XB, Wang JW, Han F, et al. Evaluation of contrast-enhanced US LI-RADS version 2017: application on 2020 liver nodules in patients with hepatitis B infection. Radiology 2020;294:299-307.
45. Huang JY, Li JW, Lu Q, Luo Y, Lin L, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CEUS LI-RADS for the characterization of liver nodules 20 mm or smaller in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 2020;294:329-39.
46. Wang JY, Feng SY, Xu JW, Li J, Chu L, et al. Usefulness of the contrast-enhanced ultrasound liver imaging reporting and data system in diagnosing focal liver lesions by inexperienced radiologists. J Ultrasound Med 2020; doi: 10.1002/jum.15242.
