REFERENCES
1. Dantal J, Hourmant M, Cantarovich D, et al. Effect of long-term immunosuppression in kidney-graft recipients on cancer incidence: randomised comparison of two cyclosporin regimens. Lancet 1998;351:623-8.
2. Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;370:59-67.
3. Na R, Grulich AE, Meagher NS, McCaughan GW, Keogh AM, Vajdic CM. Comparison of de novo cancer incidence in Australian liver, heart and lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2013;13:174-83.
4. Na R, Laaksonen MA, Grulich AE, et al. High azathioprine dose and lip cancer risk in liver, heart, and lung transplant recipients: a population-based cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;74:1144-1152.e6.
5. Na R, Laaksonen MA, Grulich AE, et al. Iatrogenic immunosuppression and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in solid organ transplantation: a population-based cohort study in Australia. Br J Haematol 2016;174:550-62.
6. Mehta N, Bhangui P, Yao FY, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Working Group Report from the ILTS Transplant Oncology Consensus Conference. Transplantation 2020;104:1136-42.
7. Dageforde LA, Fowler KJ, Chapman WC. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: current update on treatment and allocation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017;22:128-34.
8. Xu X, Lu D, Ling Q, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria. Gut 2016;65:1035-41.
9. OPTN/SRTR 2018 Annual Data Report: Liver. Available from https://srtr.transplant.hrsa.gov/annual_reports/2018/Liver.aspx. [Last accessed on 5 May 2021].
10. Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, et al. A review of human carcinogens-Part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321-2.
11. Sérée O, Altieri M, Guillaume E, et al. Longterm risk of solid organ de novo malignancies after liver transplantation: a French national study on 11,226 Patients. Liver Transpl 2018;24:1425-36.
12. Aberg F, Pukkala E, Höckerstedt K, Sankila R, Isoniemi H. Risk of malignant neoplasms after liver transplantation: a population-based study. Liver Transpl 2008;14:1428-36.
13. Haagsma EB, Hagens VE, Schaapveld M, et al. Increased cancer risk after liver transplantation: a population-based study. J Hepatol 2001;34:84-91.
14. Nordin A, Åberg F, Pukkala E, et al. Decreasing incidence of cancer after liver transplantation-a Nordic population-based study over 3 decades. Am J Transplant 2018;18:952-63.
15. Jiang Y, Villeneuve PJ, Fenton SS, Schaubel DE, Lilly L, Mao Y. Liver transplantation and subsequent risk of cancer: findings from a Canadian cohort study. Liver Transpl 2008;14:1588-97.
16. Collett D, Mumford L, Banner NR, Neuberger J, Watson C. Comparison of the incidence of malignancy in recipients of different types of organ: a UK Registry audit. Am J Transplant 2010;10:1889-96.
17. Krynitz B, Edgren G, Lindelöf B, et al. Risk of skin cancer and other malignancies in kidney, liver, heart and lung transplant recipients 1970 to 2008--a Swedish population-based study. Int J Cancer 2013;132:1429-38.
18. Taborelli M, Piselli P, Ettorre GM, et al. Italian Transplant & Cancer Cohort Study. Risk of virus and non-virus related malignancies following immunosuppression in a cohort of liver transplant recipients. Italy, 1985-2014. Int J Cancer 2018;143:1588-94.
19. van Leeuwen MT, Grulich AE, Webster AC, et al. Immunosuppression and other risk factors for early and late non-Hodgkin lymphoma after kidney transplantation. Blood 2009;114:630-7.
20. Schrem H, Kurok M, Kaltenborn A, et al. Incidence and long-term risk of de novo malignancies after liver transplantation with implications for prevention and detection. Liver Transpl 2013;19:1252-61.
21. Rompianesi G, Ravikumar R, Jose S, et al. Incidence and outcome of colorectal cancer in liver transplant recipients: a national, multicentre analysis on 8115 patients. Liver Int 2019;39:353-60.
22. Safaeian M, Robbins HA, Berndt SI, Lynch CF, Fraumeni JF Jr, Engels EA. Risk of colorectal cancer after solid organ transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant 2016;16:960-7.
23. D'Arcy ME, Castenson D, Lynch CF, et al. Risk of rare cancers among solid organ transplant recipients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021;113:199-207.
24. Lee KF, Tsai YT, Lin CY, et al. Cancer Incidence among heart, kidney, and liver transplant recipients in Taiwan. PLoS One 2016;11:e0155602.
25. Park B, Yoon J, Choi D, et al. De novo cancer incidence after kidney and liver transplantation: Results from a nationwide population based data. Sci Rep 2019;9:17202.
26. Tsai HI, Lee CW, Kuo CF, et al. De novo malignancy in organ transplant recipients in Taiwan: a nationwide cohort population study. Oncotarget 2017;8:36685-95.
27. Heo J, Noh OK, Oh YT, Chun M, Kim L. Second primary cancer after liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma: a nationwide population-based study. Hepatol Int 2017;11:523-8.
28. Bhat M, Mara K, Dierkhising R, Watt KD. Gender, Race and disease etiology predict de novo malignancy risk after liver transplantation: insights for future individualized cancer screening guidance. Transplantation 2019;103:91-100.
29. Rademacher S, Seehofer D, Eurich D, et al. The 28-year incidence of de novo malignancies after liver transplantation: a single-center analysis of risk factors and mortality in 1616 patients. Liver Transpl 2017;23:1404-14.
30. Wimmer CD, Angele MK, Schwarz B, et al. Impact of cyclosporine versus tacrolimus on the incidence of de novo malignancy following liver transplantation: a single center experience with 609 patients. Transpl Int 2013;26:999-1006.
31. Noone AM, Pfeiffer RM, Dorgan JF, et al. Cancer-attributable mortality among solid organ transplant recipients in the United States: 1987 through 2014. Cancer 2019;125:2647-55.
32. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK, Heimbach JK, Charlton MR. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant 2010;10:1420-7.
33. Na R, Grulich AE, Meagher NS, McCaughan GW, Keogh AM, Vajdic CM. De novo cancer-related death in Australian liver and cardiothoracic transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2013;13:1296-304.
34. Acuna SA, Fernandes KA, Daly C, et al. Cancer mortality among recipients of solid-organ transplantation in Ontario, Canada. JAMA Oncol 2016;2:463-9.
35. D'Arcy ME, Coghill AE, Lynch CF, et al. Survival after a cancer diagnosis among solid organ transplant recipients in the United States. Cancer 2019;125:933-42.
36. Miao Y, Everly JJ, Gross TG, et al. De novo cancers arising in organ transplant recipients are associated with adverse outcomes compared with the general population. Transplantation 2009;87:1347-59.
37. Vajdic CM, Chong AH, Kelly PJ, et al. Survival after cutaneous melanoma in kidney transplant recipients: a population-based matched cohort study. Am J Transplant 2014;14:1368-75.
38. Benoni H, Eloranta S, Ekbom A, Wilczek H, Smedby KE. Survival among solid organ transplant recipients diagnosed with cancer compared to nontransplanted cancer patients-a nationwide study. Int J Cancer 2020;146:682-91.
39. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Saab S, et al. The impact of viral hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma to post-transplant outcomes. J Viral Hepat 2016;23:53-61.
40. Zamoiski RD, Yanik E, Gibson TM, et al. Risk of second malignancies in solid organ transplant recipients who develop keratinocyte cancers. Cancer Res 2017;77:4196-203.
41. Mangus RS, Fridell JA, Kubal CA, et al. Worse long-term patient survival and higher cancer rates in liver transplant recipients with a history of smoking. Transplantation 2015;99:1862-8.
42. Herrero JI, Pardo F, D'Avola D, et al. Risk factors of lung, head and neck, esophageal, and kidney and urinary tract carcinomas after liver transplantation: the effect of smoking withdrawal. Liver Transpl 2011;17:402-8.
43. Desai R, Collett D, Watson CJ, Johnson PJ, Moss P, Neuberger J. Impact of cytomegalovirus on long-term mortality and cancer risk after organ transplantation. Transplantation 2015;99:1989-94.
44. Leblond V, Davi F, Charlotte F, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders not associated with Epstein-Barr virus: a distinct entity? J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2052-9.
45. Dotti G, Fiocchi R, Motta T, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-negative lymphoproliferate disorders in long-term survivors after heart, kidney, and liver transplant. Transplantation 2000;69:827-33.
46. Yanik EL, Smith JM, Shiels MS, et al. Cancer Risk After Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation. Pediatrics 2017;139:e20163893.
47. Piselli P, Burra P, Lauro A, et al. Italian Transplant and Cancer Cohort Study. Head and neck and esophageal cancers after liver transplant: results from a multicenter cohort study. Italy, 1997-2010. Transpl Int 2015;28:841-8.
48. Krynitz B, Olsson H, Lundh Rozell B, Lindelöf B, Edgren G, Smedby KE. Risk of basal cell carcinoma in Swedish organ transplant recipients: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol 2016;174:95-103.
49. Park CK, Fung K, Austin PC, et al. Incidence and risk factors of keratinocyte carcinoma after first solid organ transplant in Ontario, Canada. JAMA Dermatol ;2019:1041.
50. Harwood CA, Mesher D, McGregor JM, et al. A surveillance model for skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: a 22-year prospective study in an ethnically diverse population. Am J Transplant 2013;13:119-29.
51. Ducroux E, Boillot O, Ocampo MA, et al. Skin cancers after liver transplantation: retrospective single-center study on 371 recipients. Transplantation 2014;98:335-40.
52. Kim YJ, Jung CJ, Park GH, et al. Twenty-eight-year incidence and characteristics of post-transplant skin cancers: Comparative analysis of past and recent 10-year experience. J Dermatol 2020;47:1131-40.
53. Funk-Debleds P, Ducroux E, Guillaud O, et al. Subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancers and impact of immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018;79:84-91.
54. Murray SL, Daly FE, O'Kelly P, et al. The impact of switching to mTOR inhibitor-based immunosuppression on long-term non-melanoma skin cancer incidence and renal function in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Ren Fail 2020;42:607-12.
55. Phan K, Moloney FJ, Hogarty DT, Lenane P, McColl D, Yazdabadi A. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and skin cancer risk in nonrenal solid organ transplant recipients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol ;2019:91-8.
56. Knoll GA, Kokolo MB, Mallick R, et al. Effect of sirolimus on malignancy and survival after kidney transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMJ 2014;349:g6679.
57. Yanik EL, Chinnakotla S, Gustafson SK, et al. Effects of maintenance immunosuppression with sirolimus after liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2016;22:627-34.
58. Eccher A, Girolami I, Marletta S, et al. Donor-transmitted cancers in transplanted livers: analysis of clinical outcomes. Liver Transpl 2021;27:55-66.
59. Roemhild A, Otto NM, Moll G, et al. Regulatory T cells for minimising immune suppression in kidney transplantation: phase I/IIa clinical trial. BMJ 2020;371:m3734.
60. Clavien P, Muller X, de Oliveira ML, Dutkowski P, Sanchez-fueyo A. Can immunosuppression be stopped after liver transplantation? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;2:531-7.
61. Moscicki AB, Flowers L, Huchko MJ, et al. Guidelines for cervical cancer screening in immunosuppressed women without HIV infection. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2019;23:87-101.
62. Krynitz B, Rozell BL, Lyth J, Smedby KE, Lindelöf B. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in the Swedish organ transplantation cohort: a study of clinicopathological characteristics and mortality. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015;73:106-113.e2.
63. Maor D, Vajdic CM, Cumming S, et al. Melanoma in a cohort of organ transplant recipients: experience from a dedicated transplant dermatology clinic in Victoria, Australia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:773-9.
64. Chan AW, Fung K, Austin PC, et al. Improved keratinocyte carcinoma outcomes with annual dermatology assessment after solid organ transplantation: Population-based cohort study. Am J Transplant 2019;19:522-31.
65. Stapleton CP, Birdwell KA, McKnight AJ, et al. Polygenic risk score as a determinant of risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in a European-descent renal transplant cohort. Am J Transplant 2019;19:801-10.
66. Stapleton CP, Chang BL, Keating BJ, Conlon PJ, Cavalleri GL. Polygenic risk score of non-melanoma skin cancer predicts post-transplant skin cancer across multiple organ types. Clin Transplant 2020;34:e13904.
67. de Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. N Engl J Med 2020;382:503-13.
68. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 2011;365:395-409.
69. Renaud L, Hilleret MN, Thimonier E, et al. De novo malignancies screening after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: a comparative opportunistic study. Liver Transpl 2018;24:1690-8.
70. Gong CS, Yoo MW, Kim BS, et al. De novo gastric cancer after liver transplantation. Ann Transplant 2016;21:386-91.
71. Miura K, Way M, Jiyad Z, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid intake and decreased risk of skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Eur J Nutr 2020; doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02378-y.
72. Jamieson NJ, Hanson CS, Josephson MA, et al. Motivations, challenges, and attitudes to self-management in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Am J Kidney Dis 2016;67:461-78.
73. Donovan JC, Shaw JC. Compliance with sun protection following organ transplantation. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1232-3.
74. Watt KD. Keys to long-term care of the liver transplant recipient. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:639-48.