REFERENCES

1. Kim DY, Han KH. Epidemiology and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2012;1:2-14.

2. Sifaki-Pistolla D, Karageorgos SA, Koulentaki M, Samonakis D, Stratakou S, Digenakis E, Kouroumalis E. Geoepidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the island of Crete, Greece. A possible role of pesticides. Liver Int 2016;36:588-94.

3. Petruzziello A. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) related hepatocellular carcinoma. Open Virol J 2018;12:26-32.

4. Krulich L, Dhariwal AP, McCann SM. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology 1968;83:783-90.

5. Benoit R, Esch F, Bennett HP, Ling N, Ravazzola M, Orci L. Mufson EJ Processing of prosomatostatin. Metabolism 1990;39:22-5.

6. Lamberts SWJ, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ. Octreotide. New Engl J Med 1996;334:246-54.

7. Dasgupta P. Somatostatin analogues: multiple roles in cellular proliferation, neoplasia, and angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2004;102:61-85.

8. Barbieri F, Bajetto A, Pattarozzi A, Gatti M, Wurth R, Thellung S, Corsaro A, Villa V, Nizzari M, Florio T. Peptide receptor targeting in cancer: the somatostatin paradigm. Int J Pept 2013;2013:926295.

9. Patel YC. Somatostatin and its receptor family. Front Neuroendocrinol 1999;20:157-98.

10. Abdel-Rahman O, Lamarca A, Valle JW, Hubner RA. Somatostatin receptor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic considerations. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014;21:R485-93.

11. Bruns C, Weckbecker G, Raulf F, Kaupmann K, Schoeffter P, Lubbert H. Molecular pharmacology of somatostatin receptor subtype. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;733:138-46.

12. Florio T, Scorizello A, Fattore M, D'Alto V, Salzano S, Rossi G, Berlingieri MT, Fusco A, Schettini G. Somatostatin inhibits PC C13 thyroid cell proliferation through the modulation of phosphotyrosine phophatase activity-impairment of the somatostatinergirc effects by stable expression of EIA viral oncogene. J Biol Chem 1996;271:6129-36.

13. Møller LN, Stidsenb CE, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Somatostatin receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003;1616:1-84.

14. Weckbecker G, Raulf F, Stolz B, Bruns C. Somatostatin analogs for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Pharmacol Ther 1993;60:245-64.

15. Raderer M, Hejna MH, Muller C, Kornek GV, Kurtaran A, Virgolini I, Fiebieger W, Hamilton G, Scheithauer W. Treatment of hepatocellular cancer with the long acting somatostatin analog lanreotide in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2000;16:1197-201.

16. Reynaert H, Rombouts K, Vandermonde A, Urbain D, Kumar U, Bioulac- Sage P, Pinzani M, Rosenbaum J, Geerts A. Expression of somatostatin receptors in normal and cirrhotic human liver and in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2004;53:1180-9.

17. Kaemmerer D, Schindler R, Mußbach F, Dahmen U, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Dirsch O, Sänger J, Schulz S, Lupp A. Somatostatin and CXCR4 chemokine receptor expression in hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinomas: tumor capillaries as promising targets. BMC Cancer 2017;17:896.

18. Notas G, Kolios G, Mastrodimou N, Kampa M, Vasilaki A, Xidakis C, Castanas E, Thermos K, Kouroumalis E. Cortistatin production by HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and distribution of somatostatin receptors. J Hepatol 2004;40:792-8.

19. Samonakis DN, Notas G, Christodoulakis N, Kouroumalis EA. Mechanisms of action and resistance of somatostatin analogues for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a message not well taken. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:2359-65.

20. Siehler S, Seuwen K, Hoyer D. [125I]Tyr10-cortistatin14 labels all five somatostatin receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1998;357:483-9.

21. Reubi JC, Waser B, Cescato R, Gloor B, Stettler C, Christ E. Internalized somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in neuroendocrine tumors of octreotidetreated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2343-50.

22. Reynaert H, Vaeyens F, Qin H, Hellemans K, Chatterjee N, Winand D, Quartier E, Schuit F, Urbain D, Kumar U, Patel YC, Geerts A. Somatostatin suppresses endothelin-1 induced rat hepatic stellate cell contraction via somatostatin receptor subtype 1. Gastroenterology 2001;121:915-30.

23. Song SH, Leng XH, Li T, Qin ZZ, Peng JR, Zhao L, Wei YH, Yu X. Expression of subtypes of somatostatin receptors in hepatic stellate cells. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:1663-5.

24. Klironomos S, Notas G, Sfakianaki O, Kiagiadaki F, Xidakis C, Kouroumalis E. Octreotide modulates the effects on fibrosis of TNF-α, TGF-β and PDGF in activated rat hepatic stellate cells. Regul Pept 2014;188:5-12.

25. Notas G, Xidakis C, Valatas V, Vasilaki A, Mastrodimou N, Manousou P, Kolios G, Thermos K, Kouroumalis E. LPS modifies the expression and accumulation of somatostatin receptors in rat Kupffer cells. J Hepatol 2005;42:232.

26. Xidakis C, Mastrodimou N, Notas N, Renieri E, Kolios G, Kouroumalis E, Thermos K. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry studies support the presence of somatostatin, cortistatin and somatostatin receptor subtypes in rat Kupffer. Cells Reg Pept 2007;143:76-82.

27. Reubi JC, Zimmermann A, Jonas S, Waser B, Neuhaus P, Läderach U, Wiedenmann B. Regulatory peptide receptors in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Gut 1999;45:766-74.

28. Blaker M, Schmitz M, Gocht A, Burghardt S, Schulz M, Broring DC, Pace A, Greten H, de Weerth A. Differential expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in hepatocellular carcinomas. J Hepatol 2004;41:112-8.

29. Xie YM, Yan LN, Wei B, Guo MM, Tang CW. Correlation of somatostatin receptor expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissue to serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration. Ai Zheng 2007;26:688-92. (in Chinese)

30. Verhoef C, van Dekken H, Hofland LJ, Zondervan PE, de Wilt JH, van Marion R, de Man RA, IJzermans JN IJ, van Eijck CH. Somatostatin receptor in human hepatocellular carcinomas: biological, patient and tumor characteristics. Dig Surg 2008;25:21-6.

31. Koc EU, Ozgur T, Yerci O, Gurel S. Somatostatin receptor 1 (SSTR1) and somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2013;60:1693-7.

32. Chou CK, Ho LT, Ting LP, Hu CP, Su TS, Chang WC, Suen CS, Huang MY, Chang CM. Selective suppression of insulin-induced proliferation of cultured human hepatoma cells by somatostatin. J Clin Invest 1987;79:175-8.

33. Chen X, Liu Z, Ai Z. Antineoplastic mechanism of octreotide action in human hepatoma. Chin Med J 2001;114:1167-70.

34. Liu HL, Huo L, Wang L. Octreotide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004;25:1380-6.

35. Hua YP, Yin XY, Peng BG, Li SQ, Lai JM, Liang HZ, Liang LJ. Mechanisms and influence of octreotide-induced regulation of somatostatin receptor 2 on hepatocellular carcinoma. Chemotherapy 2009;55:312-20.

36. Lü XH, Wang CH, Xie Y. Differences of therapeutic efficacy between different kinds of somatostatin analogue for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2017;48:549-55. (in Chinese)

37. Xie Y, Tang CW, Wang CH. Effect of HBV X gene transfection on octreotide-inhibited growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. Ai Zheng 2005;24:965-9. (in Chinese)

38. Neaud V, Faouzi S, Guirouilh J, Le Bail B, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P, Rosenbaum J. Human hepatic myofibroblasts increase invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells: evidence for a role of hepatocyte growth factor. Hepatology 1997;26:1458-66.

39. Theret K, Musso O, Turlin B, Lotrian D, Bioulac-Sage P, Campion JP, Boudjéma K, Clément B. Increased extracellular matrix remodeling is associated with tumor progression in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2001;34:82-8.

40. Pan Q, Li DG, Lu HM, Lu LY, Wang YQ, Xu QF. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of somatostatin on activated hepatic stellate cells. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:1015-8.

41. Reynaert H, Rombouts K, Jia Y, Urbain D, Chatterjee N, Uyama N, Geerts A. Somatostatin at nanomolar concentration reduces collagen I and III synthesis by, but not proliferation of activated rat hepatic stellate cells. Br J Pharmacol 2005;146:77-88.

42. Wang C, Tang C, Tang L. Inhibition effects of octreotide on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2001;81:1194-7. (in Chinese)

43. Ferjoux G, Bousquet C, Cordelier P, Benali N, Lopez F, Rochaix P, Buscail L, Susini C. Signal transduction of somatostatin receptors negatively controlling cell proliferation. J Physiol Paris 2000;94:205-10.

44. Florio T, Yao H, Carey KD, Dillon TJ, Stork PJ. Somatostatin activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase via somatostatin receptor 1 (SSTR1). Mol Endocrinol 1999;13:24-37.

45. Cordelier P, Esteve JP, Bousquet C, Delesque N, Am OC, Schally AV, Vaysse N, Susini C, Buscail L. Characterization of the antiproliferative signal mediated by the somatostatin receptor subtype sst5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:9343-8.

46. Lahlou H, Saint-Laurent N, Esteve JP, Eychene A, Pradayrol L, Pyronnet S, Susini C. sst2 Somatostatin receptor inhibits cell proliferation through Ras-, Rap1-, and B-Raf-dependent ERK2 activation. J Biol Chem 2003;278:39356-71.

47. Neel BG, Tonks NK. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in signal transduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997;9:193-204.

48. War SA, Kumar U. Coexpression of human somatostatin receptor-2 (SSTR2) and SSTR3 modulates antiproliferative signaling and apoptosis. J Mol Signal 2012;7:5.

49. Grant M, Alturaihi H, Jaquet P, Collier B, Kumar U. Cell growth inhibition and functioning of human somatostatin receptor type 2 are modulated by receptor heterodimerization. Mol Endocrinol 2008;22:2278-92.

50. Teijeiro R, Rios R, Costoja J, Castro R, Bello J, Devesi J, Arce V. Activation of human somatostatin receptor 2 promotes apoptosis through a mechanism that is independent from induction of p53. Cell Physiol Biochem 2002;12:31-8.

51. Lasfer M, Vadrot N, Schally AV, Nagy A, Halmos G, Pessayre D, Feldmann G, Reyl-Desmars FJ. Potent induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cell lines by targeted cytotoxic somatostatin analogue AN-238. J Hepatol 2005;42:230-7.

52. Theodoropoulou M, Zhang J, Laupheimer S, Paez-Pereda M, Florio Pagotto U T, Stalla G. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, mediates its antiproliferative action in pituitary tumor cells by altering phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and inducing Zac1 expression. Cancer Res 2006;66:1576-82.

53. Tsagarakis NJ, Drygiannakis I, Batistakis AG, Kolios G, Kouroumalis EA. Octreotide induces caspase activation and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:313-21.

54. Ma Q, Meng LQ, Liu JC, Hu JP, Ge J, Wan YL, Jiang S. Octreotide induces apoptosis of human hepatoma cells by the mechanism of facilitating the Fas/FasL gene expression therein. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2008;88:716-8. (in Chinese)

55. Notas G, Kampa M, Nifli AP, Xidaki C, Papasava D, Thermos K, Kouroumalis E, Castanas E. The inhibitory effect of opioids on HepG2 cells is mediated via interaction with somatostatin receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;555:1-7.

56. Avella DM, Kimchi ET, Donahue RN, Tagaram RS, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS, Staveley-O'Carrol KF. The opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor axis regulates cell proliferation of human hepatocellular cancer. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010;298:R459-66.

57. Ren SG, Ezzat S, Melmed S, Braunstein GD. Somatostatin analog induces insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) expression in human hepatoma cells. Endocrinology 1992;131:2479-81.

58. Scharf JG, Dombrowski F, Ramadori G. The IGF axis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Mol Pathol 2001;54:138-44.

59. Huynh H, Chow P, Ooi L, Soo K. A possible role for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 autocrine/paracrine loops in controlling hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. Cell Growth Differ 2002;13:115-22.

60. Scharf JG, Braulke T. The role of the IGF axis in hepatocarcinogenesis. Horm Metab Res 2003;35:685-93.

61. Alexia C, Fallot G, Lasfer M, Schweizer-Groyer G, Groyer A. An evaluation of the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and of type-I IGF receptor signalling in hepatocarcinogenesis and in the resistance of hepatocarcinoma cells against drug-induced apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:1003-15.

62. Pivonello C, de Martino MC, Negri M, Cuomo G, Cariati F, Izzo F, Colao A, Pivonello R. The GH-IGF-SST system in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological and molecular pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Infect Agent Cancer 2014;9:27.

63. Hasskarl J, Kaufmann M, Schmid HA. Somatostatin receptors in non-neuroendocrine malignancies: the potential role of somatostatin analogs in solid tumors. Future Oncol 2011;7:895-913.

64. Downward J. Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:11-22.

65. Hwang YH, Choi JY, Kim S, Chung ES, Kim T, Koh SS, Lee B, Bae SH, Kim J, Park YM. Over-expression of c-raf-1 protooncogene in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2004;29:113-21.

66. Roberts PJ, Der CJ. Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 2007;26:3291-310.

67. Caraglia M, Tassone P, Marra M, Budillon A, Venuta S, Tagliaferri P. Targeting Raf-kinase: molecular rationales and translational issues. Ann Oncol 2006;17:124-7.

68. Bousquet C, Guillermet J, Vernejoul F, Lahlou H, Buscail L, Susini C. Somatostatin receptors and regulation of cell proliferation. Dig Liver Dis 2004;36:S2-7.

69. Adams RL, Adams IP, Lindow SW, Zhong W, Atkin SL. Somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 are preferentially expressed in proliferating endothelium. Br J Cancer 2005;92:1493-8.

70. Jia WD, Xu GL, Sun HC, Wang L, Xu RN, Xue Q. Effect of octreotide on angiogenesis induced by hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2003;2:404-9.

71. Jia WD, Xu GL, Xu RN, Sun HC, Wang L, Yu JH, Wang J, Li JS, Zhai ZM, Xue Q. Octreotide acts as an antitumor angiogenesis compound and suppresses tumor growth in nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003;129:327-34.

72. Garcia de la Torre N, Wass JA, Turner HE. Antiangiogenic effects of somatostatin analogues. Clin Endocrinol 2002;57:425-41.

73. Ristori C, Ferretti ME, Pavan B, Cervellati F, Casini G, Catalani E, Dal Monte M, Biondi C. Adenylyl cyclase/cAMP system involvement in the antiangiogenic effect of somatostatin in the retina. Results from transgenic mice. Neurochem Res 2008;33:1247-55.

74. Gao JH, Wen SL, Feng S, Yang WJ, Lu YY, Tong H, Liu R, Tang SH, Huang ZY, Tang YM, Yang JH, Xie HQ, Tang CW. Celecoxib and octreotide synergistically ameliorate portal hypertension via inhibition of angiogenesis in cirrhotic rats. Angiogenesis 2016;19:501-11.

75. Lamberts SW, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ. Somatostatin analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002;13:451-7.

76. Lattuada D, Casnici C, Crotta K, Mastrotto C, Franco P, Schmid HA, Marelli O. Inhibitory effect of pasireotide and octreotide on lymphocyte activation. J Neuroimmunol 2007;182:153-9.

77. Dalm VASH, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW. Future clinical prospects in somatostatin/cortistatin/somatostatin receptor field. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008;286:262-77.

78. Pintér E, Helyes Z, Szolcsányi J. Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on inflammation and nociception. Pharmacol Ther 2006;112:440-56.

79. Chao TC, Chao HH, Chen MF, Lin JD. Somatostatin modulates the function of Kupffer cells. Reg Pept 1997;69:143-9.

80. Valatas V, Kolios G, Manoussou P, Xidakis C, Notas G, Ljumovic D, Kouroumalis EA. Secretion of inflammatory mediators by isolated rat Kupffer cells: the effect of octreotide. Reg Pept 2004;120:215-22.

81. Zhu XD, Zhang JB, Zhuang PY, Zhu HG, Zhang W, Xiong YQ, Wu WZ, Wang L, Tang ZY, Sun HC. High expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in peritumoral liver tissue is associated with poor survival after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2707-16.

82. Wan S, Kuo N, Kryczek I, Zou W, Welling TH. Myeloid cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2015;62:1304-12.

83. Wan S, Zhao E, Kryczek I, Vatan L, Sadovskaya A, Ludema G, Simeone DM, Zou W, Welling TH. Tumor associated macrophages produce interleukin 6 and signal via STAT3 to promote expansion of human hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells. Gastroenterology 2014;147:1393-404.

84. Sica A, Invernizzi P, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarizationin liver homeostasis and pathology. Hepatology 2014;59:2034-42.

85. Xidakis C, Kolios G, Valatas V, Notas G, Mouzas I, Kouroumalis E. Effect of octreotide on apoptosis-related proteins in rat Kupffer cells: a possible anti-tumour mechanism. Anticancer Res 2004;24:833-41.

86. Eggert T, Wolter K, Ji J, Ma C, Yevsa T, Klotz S, Medina-Echeverz J, Longerich T, Forgues M, Reisinger F, Heikenwalder M, Wang XW, Zender L, Greten TF. Distinct functions of senescence-associated immune responses in liver tumor surveillance and tumor progression. Cancer Cell 2016;30:533-47.

87. Li X, Yao W, Yuan Y, Chen P, Li B, Li J, Chu R, Song H, Xie D, Jiang X, Wang H. Targeting of tumour-infiltrating macrophages via CCL2/CCR2 signalling as a therapeutic strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2017;66:157-67.

88. Baeck C, Wei X, Bartneck M, Fech V, Heymann F, Gassler N, Hittatiya K, Eulberg D, Luedde T, Trautwein C, Tacke F. Pharmacological inhibition of the chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) accelerates liver fibrosis regression by suppressing Ly-6C+ macrophage infiltration. Hepatology 2014;59:1060-72.

89. Valatas V, Kolios G, Manousou P, Notas G, Xidakis C, Diamantis I, Kouroumalis E. Octreotide regulates CC but not CXC LPS-induced chemokine secretion in rat Kupffer cells. Br J Pharmacol 2004;141:477-87.

90. Fujita T, Soontrapa K, Ito Y, Iwaisako K, Moniaga CS, Asagiri M, Majima M, Narumiya S. Hepatic stellate cells relay inflammation signaling from sinusoids to parenchyma in mouse models of immune-mediated hepatitis. Hepatology 2016;63:1325-39.

91. Fujita T, Narumiya S. Roles of hepatic stellate cells in liver inflammation: a new perspective. Inflamm Regen 2016;36:1.

92. Lang A, Sakhnini E, Fidder HH, Maor Y, Bar-Meir S, Chowers Y. Somatostatin inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from rat hepatic stellate cells. Liver Int 2005;25:808-16.

93. Xidakis C, Lumovic D, Manoussou P, Notas G, Valatas V, Kolios G, Kouroumalis E. Production of pro- and anti-fibrotic agents by rat Kupffer cells: the effect of octreotide. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50:935-41.

94. Pyronnet S, Bousquet C, Najib S, Azar R, Laklai H, Susini C. Antitumor effects of somatostatin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008;286:230-7.

95. Shaaban S, Negm A, Ibrahim EE, Elrazak AA. Chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy and mode of action. Oncol Rev 2014;8:246.

96. Schindel DT, Grosfeld JL. Hepatic resection enhances growth of residual intrahepatic and subcutaneous hepatoma, which is inhibited by octreotide. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:995-7.

97. Papalampros E, Felekouras ES, Filis K, Angelopoulou R, Kourelis T, Tsamandas AC, Bastounis E. Liver pathology and cell proliferation after octreotide administration following partial hepatectomy in rats: an experimental study. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:1953-8.

98. Hua YP, Huang JF, Liang LJ, Li SQ, Lai JM, Liang HZ. The study of inhibition effect of octreotide on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in situ in nude mice. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2005;43:721-5. (in Chinese)

99. Jia WD, Xu GL, Wang W, Wang ZH, Li JS, Ma JL, Ren WH, Ge YS, Yu JH, Liu WB. A somatostatin analogue, octreotide, inhibits the occurrence of second primary tumors and lung metastasis after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Tohoku J Exp Med 2009;218:155-60.

100. Xie Y, Chen S, Wang C, Tang C. SOM230 combined with celecoxib prolongs survival in nude mice with HepG-2 xenografts. Cancer Biol Ther 2011;12:86-92.

101. Tong H, Li X, Zhang CL, Gao JH, Wen SL, Huang ZY, Wen FQ, Fu P, Tang CW. Transcatheter arterial embolization followed by octreotide and celecoxib synergistically prolongs survival of rabbits with hepatic VX2 allografts. J Dig Dis 2013;14:29-37.

102. Tong H, Li X, Zhang CL, Gao JH, Wen SL, Huang ZY, Tang CW. Octreotide and celecoxib synergistically encapsulate VX2 hepatic allografts following transcatheter arterial embolisation. Exp Ther Med 2013;5:777-82.

103. Borbath I, Leclercq IA, Abarca-Quinones J, Desaeger C, Lebrun V, Moulin P, Sempoux C, Horsmans Y. Inhibition of early preneoplastic events in the rat liver by the somatostatin analog lanreotide. Cancer Sci 2007;98:1831-9.

104. Borbath I, Leclercq IA, Sempoux C, Abarca-Quinones J, Desaege C, Horsmans Y. Efficacy of lanreotide in preventing the occurrence of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2010;183:238-48.

105. Borbath I, Stärkel P. Chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proof of concept in animal models. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2011;74:34-44.

106. Abdel-Hamid NM, Mohafez OM, Nazmy MH, Farhan A, Thabet K. The effect of co-administration of Lawsonia inermis extract and octreotide on experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. Environ Health Prev Med 2015;20:195-203.

107. Wang XX, Ye T, Li M, Li X, Qiang O, Tang CW, Liu R. Effects of octreotide on hepatic glycogenesis in rats with high fat dietinduced obesity. Mol Med Rep 2017;16:109-18.

108. Kouroumalis E, Skordilis P, Thermos K, Vasilaki A, Moschandrea J, Manousos ON. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study. Gut 1998;42:442-7.

109. Samonakis DN, Moschandreas J, Arnaoutis T, Skordilis P, Leontidis C, Vafiades I, Kouroumalis E. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with long acting somatostatin analogues. Oncol Rep 2002;9:903-7.

110. Patsanas T, Kapetanos D, Ilias A, Ch Gessiou, Tzarou V, Kokozidis G, Kitis G. Octreotide in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Gastroenterol 2004;17:69-74.

111. Dimitroulopoulos D, Xinopoulos D, Tsamakidis K, Zisimopoulos A, Andriotis E, Panagiotakos D, Fotopoulou A, Chrysohoou C, Bazinis A, Daskalopoulou D, Paraskevas E. Long acting octreotide in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular cancer and overexpression of somatostatin receptors: randomized placebo-controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:3164-70.

112. Pan DY, Qiao JG, Chen JW, Huo YC, Zhou YK, Shi HA. Tamoxifen combined with octreotide or regular chemotherapeutic agents in treatment of primary liver cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2003;2:211-5.

113. Gill ML, Atiq M, Sattar S, Khokhar N. Treatment outcomes with long acting octreotide in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a local experience and review of literature. J Pak Med Assoc 2005;55:135-8.

114. Shah U, O'Neil B, Allen J, Goldberg RM, Bernard S, Moore D, Venook AP, Morse MM. A phase II study of long-acting octreotide in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and CLIP score of 3 or higher. Gastrointest Cancer Res 2009;3:45-8.

115. Schöniger-Hekele M, Kettenbach J, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Müller C. Octreotide treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma--a retrospective single centre controlled study. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2009;28:142.

116. Raderer M, Hejna MH, Kurtaran A, Kornek GV, Valencak JB, Oberhuber G, Vorbeck F, Virgolini I, Scheithauer W. Successful treatment of an advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with the long-acting somatostatin analog lanreotide. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:278-9.

117. Siveke J, Folwaczny C, Herberhold C. Complete regression of advanced HCC with long acting octreotide. Gut 2003;52:1531.

118. Borbath I, Lhommel R, Guiot Y, Coche E, Sempoux C. Lanreotide treatment of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma resulting in partial regression and more than 3 years of progression-free survival. Acta Gastroenterologica Belgica 2012;75:270-3.

119. Treiber G, Wex T, Rocken C, Fostitsch P, Malfertheiner P. Impact of biomarkers on disease survival and progression in patients treated with octreotide for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006;132:699-708.

120. Li S, Liu Y, Shen Z. Characterization of somatostatin receptor 2 and 5 expression in operable hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatogastroenterology 2012;59:2054-8.

121. Liu Y, Jiang L, Mu Y. Somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5 are associated with better survival in operable hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma following octreotide long-acting release treatment. Oncology Lett 2013;6:821-8.

122. Plentz RR, Tillmann HL, Kubicka S, Bleck JS, Gebel M, Manns MP, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma and octreotide: treatment results in prospectively assigned patients with advanced tumor and cirrhosis stage. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20:1422-8.

123. Montella L, Addeo R, Caraglia M, Faiola V, Guarrasi R, Vincenzi B, Palmeri A, Capasso E, Nocera V, Tarantino L, Ariete M, Martorelli A, Del Prete S. Vascular endothelial growth factor monitoring in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with radiofrequency ablation plus octreotide: a single center experience. Oncol Rep 2008;20:385-90.

124. Jia W, Feng K, Fan P, Fan G, Yang S, Zhang T, Wei Q, Qian L. Post-TACE combination therapy of heparin and octreotide results in decreased tumor metastasis in extrahepatic tumorigenesis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012;62:35-40.

125. Tong H, Wei B, Chen S, Xie YM, Zhang MG, Zhang LH, Huang ZH, Tang CW. Adjuvant celecoxib and lanreotide following transarterial chemoembolisation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized pilot study. Oncotarget 2017;8:48303-12.

126. Prete SD, Montella L, Caraglia M, Maiorino L, Cennamo G, Montesarchio V, Piai G, Febbraro A, Tarantino L, Capasso E, Palmieri G, Guarrasi R, Bianco M, Mamone R, Savastano C, Pisano A, Vincenzi B, Sabia A, D'Agostino A, Faiola V, Addeo R. Sorafenib plus octreotide is an effective and safe treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: multicenter phase II So.LAR study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010;66:837-44.

127. Caraglia M, Giuberti G, Marra M, Addeo R, Montella L, Murolo M, Sperlongano P, Vincenzi B, Naviglio B, Del Prete S, Abbruzzese A, Stiuso P. Oxidative stress and ERK1/2 phosphorylation as predictors of outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with sorafenib plus octreotide LAR. Cell Death Dis 2011;2:e150.

128. Rabe C, Pilz T, Allgaier HP, Halm U, Strasser C, Wettstein M, Sauerbruch T, Caselmann WH. Clinical outcome of a cohort of 63 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with octreotide. Z Gastroenterol 2002;40:395-400.

129. Yuen MF, Poon RT, Lai CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, Wong KW, Wong WM, Wong BC. A randomized placebo-controlled study of long-acting octreotide for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002;36:687-91.

130. Kouroumalis E, Samonakis D, Sordilis P. Octreotide treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2003;37:477.

131. Slijkhuis WA, Stadheim L, Hassoun ZM, Nzeako UC, Kremers WK, Talwalkar JA, Gores GJ. Octreotide therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005;39:333-8.

132. Samonakis DN, Christodoulakis N, Kouroumalis EA. Octreotide for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: beyond the first sight. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40:86-7.

133. Cebon J, Findlay M, Hargreaves C, Stockler M, Thompson P, Boyer M, Roberts S, Poon A, Scott AM, Kalff V, Garas G, Dowling A, Crawford D, Ring J, Basser R, Strickland A, Macdonald G, Green M, Nowak A, Dickman B, Dhillon H, Gebski V, Australasian Gastro-intestinal Trials group (AGITG) and Ag0001H Investigators. Somatostatin receptor expression, tumour response, and quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with long-acting octreotide. Br J Cancer 2006;95:853-61.

134. Verset G, Verslype C, Reynaert H, Borbath I, Langlet P, Vandebroek A, Peeters M, Houbiers G, Francque S, Arvanitakis Van Laethem JL. Efficacy of the combination of long-acting release octreotide and tamoxifen in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised multicentre phase III study. Br J Cancer 2007;97:582-8.

135. Becker G, Allgaier HP, Olschewski M, Zahringer A, Blum HE, HECTOR Study Group. Long-acting octreotide versus placebo for treatment of advanced HCC: a randomized controlled double-blind study. Hepatology 2007;45:9-15.

136. Barbare JC, Bouché O, Bonnetain F, Dahan L, Lombard-Bohas C, Faroux R, Raoul JL, Cattan S, Lemoine A, Blanc JF, Bronowicki JP, Zarski JP, Cazorla S, Gargot D, Thevenot T, Diaz E, Bastie A, Aparicio T, Bedenne L. Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with long-acting octreotide: a phase III multicentre, randomised, double blind placebo-controlled study. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:1788-97.

137. Sanoff HK, Kim R, Ivanova A, Alistar A, McRee AJ, O'Neil BH. Everolimus and pasireotide for advanced and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2015;33:505-9.

138. Feun LG, Wangpaichitr M, Li YY, Kwon D, Richman SP, Hosein PJ, Savaraj N. Phase II trial of SOM230 (pasireotide LAR) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2018;5:9-15.

139. Ji XQ, Ruan XJ, Chen H, Chen G, Li SH, Yu B. Somatostatin analogues in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med Sci Monit 2011;17:RA169-76.

140. Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011;53:1020-2.

141. Xiong ZP, Huang F, Lu MH. Association between insulin-like growth factor-2 expression and prognosis after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and octreotide in patients with hepatocellar carcinoma. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 2012;13:3191-4.

142. Qian J, Yao D, Dong Z, Wu W, Qiu L, Yao N, Li S, Bian Y, Wang Z, Shi G. Characteristics of hepatic IGF-II expression and monitored levels of circulating IGF-II mRNA in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2010;134:799-806.

Hepatoma Research
ISSN 2454-2520 (Online) 2394-5079 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/