REFERENCES
1. Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ, He J. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. Cancer J Clin 2016;66:115-32.
2. Bruix J, Gores GJ, Mazzaferro V. Hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical frontiers and perspectives. Gut 2014;63:844-55.
3. Belghiti J, Panis Y, Farges O, Benhamou JP, Fekete F. Intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma complicating cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1991;214:114-7.
4. Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Miyagawa Y, Ishida K, Shimada R, Miyagawa S, Makuuchi M, Kawasaki S. Prognostic significance of anatomical resection and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1999;86:1032-8.
5. Grazi GL, Ercolani G, Pierangeli F, Del Gaudio M, Cescon M, Cavallari A, Mazziotti A. Improved results of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis give the procedure added value. Ann Surg 2001;234:71-8.
6. Poon RT, Fan ST, Ng IO, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong J. Different risk factors and prognosis for early and late intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2000;89:500-7.
7. Mise Y, Hasegawa K, Shindoh J, Ishizawa T, Aoki T, Sakamoto Y, Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M, Kokudo N. The feasibility of third or more repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2015;262:347-57.
8. Giannini EG, Farinati F, Ciccarese F, Pecorelli A, Rapaccini GL, Di Marco M, Benvegnu L, Caturelli E, Zoli M, Borzio F, Chiaramonte M, Trevisani F; Italian Liver Cancer Group. Prognosis of untreated hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2015;61:184-90.
9. Liu G, Wang K, Li J, Xia Y, Lu L, Wan X, Yan Z, Shi L, Lau WY, Wu M, Shen F. Changes in serum alpha fetoprotein in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma following hepatectomy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;30:1405-11.
10. Hou YF, Wei YG, Yang JY, Wen TF, Xu MQ, Yan LN, Li B, Chen KF. Microvascular invasion patterns affect survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after second hepatectomy. J Surg Res 2016;200:82-90.
11. Chen R, Gan Y, Ge N, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Ye S, Ren Z. Transarterial chemoembolization versus radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after resection within Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage 0/A: a retrospective comparative study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016;27:1829-36.
12. Sun WC, Chen IS, Liang HL, Tsai CC, Chen YC, Wang BW, Lin HS, Chan HH, Hsu PI, Tsai WL, Cheng JS. Comparison of repeated surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation for small recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after primary resection. Oncotarget 2017;8:104571-81.
14. Cong WM, Bu H, Chen J, Dong H, Zhu YY, Feng LH, Chen J. Practice guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancer: 2015 update. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:9279-87.
15. Cong WM, Wu MC. New insights into molecular diagnostic pathology of primary liver cancer: advances and challenges. Cancer letters 2015;368:14-9.
16. Fialkow PJ, Gartler SM, Yoshida A. Clonal origin of chronic myelocytic leukemia in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1967;58:1468-71.
17. Fialkow PJ, Klein G, Gartler SM, Clifford P. Clonal origin for individual Burkitt tumours. Lancet 1970;1:384-6.
18. Van Etten JL, Dehm SM. Clonal origin and spread of metastatic prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016;23:R207-17.
19. Begg CB, Ostrovnaya I, Carniello JV, Sakr RA, Giri D, Towers R, Schizas M, De Brot M, Andrade VP, Mauguen A, Seshan VE, King TA. Clonal relationships between lobular carcinoma in situ and other breast malignancies. Breast Cancer Res 2016;18:66.
20. Baker AM, Graham TA, Wright NA. Pre-tumour clones, periodic selection and clonal interference in the origin and progression of gastrointestinal cancer: potential for biomarker development. J Pathol 2013;229:502-14.
21. Castellarin M, Milne K, Zeng T, Tse K, Mayo M, Zhao Y, Webb JR, Watson PH, Nelson BH, Holt RA. Clonal evolution of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma from primary to recurrent disease. J Pathol 2013;229:515-24.
22. Shin K, Lim A, Odegaard JI, Honeycutt JD, Kawano S, Hsieh MH, Beachy PA. Cellular origin of bladder neoplasia and tissue dynamics of its progression to invasive carcinoma. Nature Cell Biol 2014;16:469-78.
24. Nomoto S, Hishida M, Inokawa Y, Sugimoto H, Kodera Y. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma should consider both tumor factors and background liver factors. Hepatobil Surg Nutr 2014;3:82-5.
25. Feng LH, Dong H, Lau WY, Yu H, Zhu YY, Zhao Y, Lin YX, Chen J, Wu MC, Cong WM. Novel microvascular invasion-based prognostic nomograms to predict survival outcomes in patients after R0 resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017;143:293-303.
26. Cong WM, Dong H, Zhu YY, Zhu Z. Malignant tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. In: Cong WM, editor. Surgical pathology of hepatobiliary tumors Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2017. pp. 145-8.
27. Massague J, Obenauf AC. Metastatic colonization by circulating tumour cells. Nature 2016;529:298-306.
28. McGranahan N, Swanton C. Clonal heterogeneity and tumor evolution: past, present, and the future. Cell 2017;168:613-28.
29. Lasorella A, Benezra R, Iavarone A. The ID proteins: master regulators of cancer stem cells and tumour aggressiveness. Nature Rev Cancer 2014;14:77-91.
30. Moeini A, Sia D, Zhang Z, Camprecios G, Stueck A, Dong H, Montal R, Torrens L, Martinez-Quetglas I, Fiel MI, Hao K, Villanueva A, Thung SN, Schwartz ME, Llovet JM. Mixed hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma tumors: cholangiolocellular carcinoma is a distinct molecular entity. J Hepatol 2017;66:952-61.
31. Xue R, Li R, Guo H, Guo L, Su Z, Ni X, Qi L, Zhang T, Li Q, Zhang Z, Xie XS, Bai F, Zhang N. Variable intra-tumor genomic heterogeneity of multiple lesions in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2016;150:998-1008.
32. Duan M, Hao J, Cui S, Worthley DL, Zhang S, Wang Z, Shi J, Liu L, Wang X, Ke A, Cao Y, Xi R, Zhang X, Zhou J, Fan J, Li C, Gao Q. Diverse modes of clonal evolution in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma revealed by single-cell genome sequencing. Cell Res 2018;28:359-73.
33. Wang B, Xia CY, Lau WY, Lu XY, Dong H, Yu WL, Jin GZ, Cong WM, Wu MC. Determination of clonal origin of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma for personalized therapy and outcomes evaluation: a new strategy for hepatic surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2013;217:1054-62.
34. Wang Z, Gong W, Shou D, Zhang L, Gu X, Wang Y, Teng D, Zheng H. Clonal origin of hepatocellular carcinoma and recurrence after liver transplantation. Ann Transplant 2016;21:484-90.
35. de'Angelis N, Landi F, Carra MC, Azoulay D. Managements of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:11185-98.
36. Choi SI, Yu A, Kim BH, Ko EJ, Park SS, Nam BH, Park JW. A model predicting survival of patients with recurrent or progressive hepatocellular carcinoma: the MORE score. J Gastroenterology Hepatol 2017;32:651-8.
37. Bodzin AS, Lunsford KE, Markovic D, Harlander-Locke MP, Busuttil RW, Agopian VG. Predicting mortality in patients developing recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: impact of treatment modality and recurrence characteristics. Ann Surg 2017;266:118-25.
38. Nagai S, Mangus RS, Kubal CA, Ekser B, Fridell JA, Klingler KR, Maluccio MA, Tector AJ. Prognosis after recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplantation: predictors for successful treatment and survival. Clin Transplant 2015;29:1156-63.
39. Na GH, Hong TH, You YK, Kim DG. Clinical analysis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after living-donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:5790-9.
40. Muaddi H, Al-Adra DP, Beecroft R, Ghanekar A, Moulton CA, Doyle A, Selzner M, Wei A, McGilvray ID, Gallinger S, Grant DR, Cattral MS, Greig PD, Kachura J, Cleary SP, Sapisochin G. Liver transplantation is equally effective as a salvage therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following radiofrequency ablation or liver resection with curative intent. Ann Surg Oncol 2018;25:991-9.
41. Perea Del Pozo E, Bernal Bellido C, Sendin Matin M, Cepeda Franco C, Alamo Martinez JM, Suarez Artacho G, Marin Gomez LM, Padillo Ruiz J, Gomez Bravo MA. Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: analysis of risk factors. Transplant Proc 2016;48:2990-3.
42. Erridge S, Pucher PH. Meta-analysis of determinants of survival following treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2017;104:1433-42.
43. Gavriilidis P, Askari A, Azoulay D. Survival following redo hepatectomy vs radiofrequency ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford) 2017;19:3-9.
44. Wang DY, Liu L, Qi XS, Su CP, Chen X, Liu X, Chen J, Li HY, Guo XZ. Hepatic re-resection versus transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after initial resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:5573-8.
45. Huang J, Yan L, Wu H, Yang J, Liao M, Zeng Y. Is radiofrequency ablation applicable for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation? J Surg Res 2016;200:122-30.
46. Zhang X, Li C, Wen T. Outcomes of salvage liver transplantation and re-resection/radiofrequency ablation for intrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a new surgical strategy based on recurrence pattern. Dig Dis Sci 2018;63:502-14.
47. Hao S, Fan P, Chen S, Tu C, Wan C. Distinct recurrence risk factors for intrahepatic metastasis and multicenter occurrence after surgery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2017;21:312-20.
48. Zhang X, Li C, Wen T, Yan L, Li B, Yang J, Wang W, Xu M, Lu W, Jiang L. Appropriate treatment strategies for intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma initially within the Milan criteria: according to the recurrence pattern. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;27:933-40.
49. Chen PJ, Chen DS, Lai MY, Chang MH, Huang GT, Yang PM, Sheu JC, Lee SC, Hsu HC, Sung JL. Clonal origin of recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas. Gastroenterology 1989;96:527-9.
50. Yamamoto T, Kajino K, Kudo M, Sasaki Y, Arakawa Y, Hino O. Determination of the clonal origin of multiple human hepatocellular carcinomas by cloning and polymerase chain reaction of the integrated hepatitis B virus DNA. Hepatology 1999;29:1446-52.
51. Liang XH. Clonal origin of intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin J Oncol 1991;13:2-4.
52. Kuo SH, Sheu JC, Chen DS, Sung JL, Lin CC, Hsu HC. DNA clonal heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma demonstrated by Feulgen-DNA analysis. Liver 1987;7:359-63.
53. Nagasue N, Kohno H, Chang YC, Yamanoi A, Kimoto T, Takemoto Y, Nakamura T. DNA ploidy pattern in synchronous and metachronous hepatocellular carcinomas. J Hepatol 1992;16:208-14.
54. Hsu HC, Peng SY, Lai PL, Sheu JC, Chen DS, Lin LI, Slagle BL, Butel JS. Allelotype and loss of heterozygosity of p53 in primary and recurrent hepatocellular carcinomas. A study of 150 patients. Cancer 1994;73:42-7.
55. Shi JY, Xing Q, Duan M, Wang ZC, Yang LX, Zhao YJ, Wang XY, Liu Y, Deng M, Ding ZB, Ke AW, Zhou J, Fan J, Cao Y, Wang J, Xi R, Gao Q. Inferring the progression of multifocal liver cancer from spatial and temporal genomic heterogeneity. Oncotarget 2016;7:2867-77.
56. Cong WM. The status and thinking of clinicopathological study of multiple nodular hepatocellular carcinoma. Available from: http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspxrecid=&FileName=ZGKA201510001011&DbName=CPFD2016&DbCode=CPFD [Last accessed on 24 May 2018].
57. Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19:329-38.
58. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012;56:908-43.
59. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011;53:1020-2.
60. Wada H, Eguchi H, Noda T, Ogawa H, Yamada D, Tomimaru Y, Tomokuni A, Asaoka T, Kawamoto K, Gotoh K, Marubashi S, Umeshita K, Nagano H, Doki Y, Mori M. Selection criteria for hepatic resection in intermediate-stage (BCLC stage B) multiple hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 2016;160:1227-35.
61. Zhong JH, Ke Y, Gong WF, Xiang BD, Ma L, Ye XP, Peng T, Xie GS, Li LQ. Hepatic resection associated with good survival for selected patients with intermediate and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2014;260:329-40.
62. Torzilli G, Belghiti J, Kokudo N, Takayama T, Capussotti L, Nuzzo G, Vauthey JN, Choti MA, De Santibanes E, Donadon M, Morenghi E, Makuuchi M. A snapshot of the effective indications and results of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in tertiary referral centers: is it adherent to the EASL/AASLD recommendations? An observational study of the HCC east-west study group. Ann Surg 2013;257:929-37.
63. Qin HG, Zhong JH, Xiang BD, Wu FX, Peng NF, You XM, Yuan WP, Gong WF, Ma L, Li LQ. Comparison of the prognosis after hepatic resection for patients with Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer stage B hepatocellular carcinoma. Natl Med J China 2016;96:3384-8.
64. Zhou YD, Li HK, Cui YL, Zhang T, Li Q. The indications for hepatectomy for multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma: experience from a single institution. Dig Surg 2015;32:82-9.
65. Ciria R, Lopez-Cillero P, Gallardo AB, Cabrera J, Pleguezuelo M, Ayllon MD, Luque A, Zurera L, Espejo JJ, Rodriguez-Peralvarez M, Montero JL, de la Mata M, Brice-o J. Optimizing the management of patients with BCLC stage-B hepatocellular carcinoma: modern surgical resection as a feasible alternative to transarterial chemoemolization. Eur J Surg Oncol 2015;41:1153-61.
66. Guo Z, Zhong Y, Hu B, Jiang JH, Li LQ, Xiang BD. Hepatic resection or transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria: a propensity score matching analysis. Medicine 2017;96:e8933.
67. Huang L, Li J, Yan J, Cao J, Liu C, Zhang X, Wu M, Yan Y. Early recurrence after curative resection in oligonodular hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2013;60:28-31.
68. Nojiri K, Tanaka K, Takeda K, Ueda M, Matsuyama R, Taniguchi K, Kumamoto T, Mori R, Endo I. The efficacy of liver resection for multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res 2014;34:2421-6.
69. Govindarajan S, Craig JR, Valinluck B. Clonal origin of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1988;19:403-5.
70. Aoki N, Robinson WS. State of hepatitis B viral genomes in cirrhotic and hepatocellular carcinoma nodules. Mol Biol Med 1989;6:395-408.
71. Nomoto S, Kinoshita T, Kato K, Otani S, Kasuya H, Takeda S, Kanazumi N, Sugimoto H, Nakao A. Hypermethylation of multiple genes as clonal markers in multicentric hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2007;97:1260-5.
72. Sirivatanauksorn Y, Sirivatanauksorn V, Bhattacharya S, Davidson BR, Dhillon AP, Kakkar AK, Williamson RC, Lemoine NR. Genomic heterogeneity in synchronous hepatocellular carcinomas. Gut 1999;45:761-5.
73. Nomoto S, Yamashita K, Koshikawa K, Nakao A, Sidransky D. Mitochondrial D-loop mutations as clonal markers in multicentric hepatocellular carcinoma and plasma. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:481-7.
74. Okuda T, Wakasa K, Kubo S, Hamada T, Fujita M, Enomoto T, Haba T, Hirohashi K, Kinoshita H. Clonal analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodule by methylation pattern of X-chromosome-linked human androgen receptor gene. Cancer Letters 2001;164:91-6.
75. Hsu HC, Chiou TJ, Chen JY, Lee CS, Lee PH, Peng SY. Clonality and clonal evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple nodules. Hepatology 1991;13:923-8.
76. Tsuda H, Oda T, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S. Different pattern of chromosomal allele loss in multiple hepatocellular carcinomas as evidence of their multifocal origin. Cancer Res 1992;52:1504-9.
77. Hui AM, Kawasaki S, Imamura H, Miyagawa S, Ishii K, Katsuyama T, Makuuchi M. Heterogeneity of DNA content in multiple synchronous hepatocellular carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1997;76:335-9.
78. Furuta M, Ueno M, Fujimoto A, Hayami S, Yasukawa S, Kojima F, Arihiro K, Kawakami Y, Wardell CP, Shiraishi Y, Tanaka H, Nakano K, Maejima K, Sasaki-Oku A, Tokunaga N, Boroevich KA, Abe T, Aikata H, Ohdan H, Gotoh K, Kubo M, Tsunoda T, Miyano S, Chayama K, Yamaue H, Nakagawa H. Whole genome sequencing discriminates hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic metastasis from multi-centric tumors. J Hepatol 2017;66:363-73.
79. Lin DC, Mayakonda A, Dinh HQ, Huang P, Lin L, Liu X, Ding LW, Wang J, Berman BP, Song EW, Yin D, Koeffler HP. Genomic and epigenomic heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2017;77:2255-65.
80. Ng IO, Guan XY, Poon RT, Fan ST, Lee JM. Determination of the molecular relationship between multiple tumour nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma differentiates multicentric origin from intrahepatic metastasis. J Pathol 2003;199:345-53.
81. Hodges KB, Cummings OW, Saxena R, Wang M, Zhang S, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Nour H, Cheng L. Clonal origin of multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2010;116:4078-85.
82. Zhao Q, Su CQ, Dong H, Lu XY, Wu MC, Cong WM. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic adenocarcinosarcoma in a patient with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 2010;30:107-12.
