REFERENCES
1. Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA, Reichman M. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1485-91.
2. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:74-108.
3. IARC. GLOBOCAN: Country Fast Stat 2008. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_population.aspx. [cited August 22, 2016].
4. Butt AS, Hamid S, Wadalawala AA, Ghufran M, Javed AA, Farooq O, Ahmed B, Haq TU, Jafri W. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Native South Asian Pakistani population; trends, clinico-pathological characteristics & differences in viral marker negative & viral-hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Res Notes 2013;6:137.
5. Abbasi A, Butt N, Bhutto AR, Gulzar K, Munir SM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinicopathological study. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2010;20:510-3.
6. Ong GB, Chu EP, Yu FY, Lee TC. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1965;52:123-9.
7. Lai EC, Lau WY. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Arch Surg 2006;141:191-8.
8. Hirai K, Kawazoe Y, Yamashita K, Kumagai M, Nagata K, Kawaguchi S, Abe M, Tanikawa K. Transcatheter arterial embolization for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1986;81:275-9.
9. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, Tso WK, Poon RT, Lam CM, Wong J. Management of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: single-center experience. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3725-32.
10. Aoki T, Kokudo N, Matsuyama Y, Izumi N, Ichida T, Kudo M, Ku Y, Sakamoto M, Nakashima O, Matsui O, Makuuchi M; Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Prognostic impact of spontaneous tumor rupture in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of 1160 cases from a nationwide survey. Ann Surg 2014;259:42.
11. Tan FL, Tan YM, Chung AY, Cheow PC, Chow PK, Ooi LL. Factors affecting early mortality in spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. ANZ J Surg 2006;76:448-52.
12. Leung KL, Lau WY, Lai PB, Yiu RY, Meng WC, Leow CK. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: conservative management and selective intervention. Arch Surg 1999;134:1103-7.
13. Kim JY, Lee JS, Oh DH, Yim YH, Lee HK. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization confers survival benefit in patients with a spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24:640-5.
14. Yeh CN, Lee WC, Jeng LB, Chen MF, Yu MC. Spontaneous tumour rupture and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2002;89:1125-9.
15. Karachi the Gatway to Pakistan. Available from: http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=14.[cited August 22, 2016].
16. Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011;53:1020-2.
17. Trevisani F, De Notariis S, Rapaccini G, Farinati F, Benvegnù L, Zoli M, Grazi GL, Del PP, Di N, Bernardi M; Italian Liver Cancer Group. Semiannual and annual surveillance of cirrhotic patients for hepatocellular carcinoma: effects on cancer stage and patient survival (Italian experience). Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:734-44.
18. Vergara V, Muratore A, Bouzari H, Polastri R, Ferrero A, Galatola G, Capussotti L. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocelluar carcinoma: surgical resection and long-term survival. Eur J Surg Oncol 2000;26:770-2.
19. Akriviadis EA. Hemoperitoneum in patients with ascites. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:567-75.
20. Tanaka A, Takeda R, Mukaihara S, Hayakawa K, Shibata T, Itoh K, Nishida N, Nakao K, Fukuda Y, Chiba T, Yamaoka Y. Treatment of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2001;6:291-5.
21. Miyamoto M, Sudo T, Kuyama T. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of 172 Japanese cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:67-71.
22. Choi JH, Kim JH, Won JH, Kim YS, Goo DE, Choi DL. Spontaneous intratumoral hemorrhage into hepatocellular carcinoma during transcatheter arterial embolization: a case report. J Korean Med Sci 2004;19:895-7.
23. Choi BG, Park SH, Byun JY, Jung SE, Choi KH, Han J. The findings of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma on helical CT. Br J Radiol 2001;74:142-6.
24. Lubner M, Menias C, Rucker C, Bhalla S, Peterson CM, Wang L, Gratz B. Blood in the belly: CT findings of hemoperitoneum. Radiographics 2007;27:109-25.
25. Leung CS, Tang CN, Fung KH, Li MK. A retrospective review of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolisation for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2002;47:685-8.
26. Shimada R, Imamura H, Makuuchi M, Soeda J, Kobayashi A, Noike T, Miyagawa S, Kawasaki S. Staged hepatectomy after emergency transcatheter arterial embolization for ruptured for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 1998;124:526-35.
27. Hai L, Yong-Hong P, Yong F, Ren-Feng L. One-stage liver resection for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 2005;29:1316-8.
28. Jin YJ, Lee JW, Park SW, Lee JI, Lee DH, Kim YS, Cho SG, Jeon YS, Lee KY, Ahn SI. Survival outcome of patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma treated surgically or by transarterial embolization. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:4537-44.
29. Li WH, Cheuk EC, Kowk PC, Cheung MT. Survival after transarterial embolization for spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2009;16:508-12.
30. Bassi N, Caratozzolo E, Bonariol L, Ruffolo C, Bridda A, Padoan L, Antoniutti M, Massani M. Management of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:1221-5.
31. Castells L, Moreiras M, Quiroga S, Alvarez-Castells A, Segarra A, Esteban R, Guardia J. Hemoperitoneum as a first manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with liver cirrhosis: effectiveness of emergency treatment with transcatheter arterial embolization. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:555-62.
32. Chearanai O, Plengvanit U, Asavanich C, Damrongsak D, Sindhvananda K, Boonyapisit S. Spontaneous rupture of primary hepatoma: report of 63 cases with particular reference to the pathogenesis and rationale treatment by hepatic artery ligation. Cancer 1983;51:1532-6.
33. Battula N, Madanur M, Priest O, Srinivasan P, O'Grady J, Heneghan MA, Bowles M, Muiesan P, Heaton N, Rela M. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a Western experience. Am J Surg 2009;197:164-7.
