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Figure 3. Major clinical applications of ADSCs in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Surrounding sectors illustrate five key areas where ADSCs have demonstrated therapeutic potential: (1) CAL for fat grafting; (2) chronic wound healing (e.g., diabetic foot ulcers); (3) scar management and anti-fibrosis; (4) facial rejuvenation and anti-aging; and (5) cartilage and bone regeneration for craniofacial reconstruction. Each sector highlights representative mechanisms or key molecules involved in ADSC-mediated tissue repair. Created in BioRender. (2026) https://BioRender.com/mdkvzrj. ADSCs: Adipose-derived stem cells; CAL: cell-assisted lipotransfer; M2: type 2 (alternatively activated) macrophage; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SVF: stromal vascular fraction.