fig2

Figure 2. Teaching process flow diagram. The diagram summarizes the teaching process, including participant enrollment, random allocation to the control group (traditional instruction) or experimental group (CBL), baseline assessment, intervention implementation, follow-up, and post-intervention assessment. All participants provided informed consent, and the data were de-identified. 2D: Two-dimensional; 3D: three-dimensional; CBL: case-based learning; Q&A: questions and answers.