fig3

Figure 3. Chromophores involved in PBM include mitochondrial CCO, membrane receptors such as opsins and light-sensitive ion channels. The three main effectors (ATP, ROS, and NO) are generated by the mitochondria, as shown here. PBM: photobiomodulation; CCO: cytochrome c oxidase; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NO: nitric oxide; CNG: cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel; NIR: near-infrared; AT: active thiol species.