fig7

Figure 7. Injectable mineralized micro-constructs for bone regeneration. (A) Schematic of mineralized cell-laden collagen hydrogels; (B) Imaging and viability assay results at 72 h; (C) Schematic of the 8 mm critical-sized calvarial defect model and treatment groups with representative micro-CT images at 12 weeks post-transplantation; (D) H&E-stained histological sections of bone tissue at 12 weeks, with arrowheads marking native versus regenerated bone; (E) High-magnification tile scan depicting mineralized construct integration into new bone at the defect core; (F-I) Quantitative micro-CT analysis demonstrating increased bone volume, bridging area, mineral density, and tissue thickness in mineralized groups. Adapted from Subbiah et al., 2023^[288]. hMSCs: Human mesenchymal stem cells; CT: computed tomography; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein-2.