REFERENCES
1. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:162-73.
2. Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, Cabre P, Carroll W, et al; International Panel for NMO Diagnosis. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 2015;85:177-89.
3. Krupp LB, Tardieu M, Amato MP, Banwell B, Chitnis T, et al; International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders: revisions to the 2007 definitions. Mult Scler 2013;19:1261-7.
4. Petzold A, Plant GT. Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune optic neuropathy. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:539-45.
5. Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology 2002;59:499-505.
6. Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005;202:473-7.
7. Reindl M, Waters P. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2019;15:89-102.
8. Gaetani L, Blennow K, Calabresi P, Di Filippo M, Parnetti L, et al. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neurological disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019;90:870-8.
9. Disanto G, Barro C, Benkert P, Naegelin Y, Schädelin S, et al; Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Cohort Study Group. Serum neurofilament light: a biomarker of neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2017;81:857-70.
10. Gaiottino J, Norgren N, Dobson R, Topping J, Nissim A, et al. Increased neurofilament light chain blood levels in neurodegenerative neurological diseases. PLoS One 2013;8:e75091.
11. Mattsson N, Cullen NC, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Association between longitudinal plasma neurofilament light and neurodegeneration in patients with alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 2019;76:791-9.
12. Staffaroni AM, Kramer AO, Casey M, Kang H, Rojas JC, et al. Association of blood and cerebrospinal fluid tau level and other biomarkers with survival time in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. JAMA Neurol 2019;76:969-77.
13. Steinacker P, Anderl-Straub S, Diehl-Schmid J, Semler E, Uttner I, et al; FTLDc Study Group. Serum neurofilament light chain in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2018;91:e1390-401.
14. Poesen K, Van Damme P. Diagnostic and prognostic performance of neurofilaments in ALS. Front Neurol 2019;9:1167.
15. Marques TM, van Rumund A, Oeckl P, Kuiperij HB, Esselink RAJ, et al. Serum NFL discriminates Parkinson disease from atypical parkinsonisms. Neurology 2019;92:e1479-86.
16. Posti JP, Takala RSK, Lagerstedt L, Dickens AM, Hossain I, et al. Correlation of blood biomarkers and biomarker panels with traumatic findings on computed tomography after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2019;36:2178-89.
17. Korley FK, Goldstick J, Mastali M, Van Eyk JE, Barsan W, et al. Serum NfL (Neurofilament Light Chain) levels and incident stroke in adults with diabetes mellitus. Stroke 2019;50:1669-75.
18. Mariotto S, Farinazzo A, Magliozzi R, Alberti D, Monaco S, et al. Serum and cerebrospinal neurofilament light chain levels in patients with acquired peripheral neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2018;23:174-7.
19. Mariotto S, Gajofatto A, Zuliani L, Zoccarato M, Gastaldi M, et al. Serum and CSF neurofilament light chain levels in antibody-mediated encephalitis. J Neurol 2019;266:1643-8.
20. Varhaug KN, Barro C, Bjørnevik K, Myhr KM, Torkildsen Ø, et al. Neurofilament light chain predicts disease activity in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2017;5:e422.
21. Ashton NJ, Leuzy A, Lim YM, Troakes C, Hortobágyi T, et al. Increased plasma neurofilament light chain concentration correlates with severity of post-mortem neurofibrillary tangle pathology and neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019;7:5.
22. Mariotto S, Sechi E, Ferrari S. Serum neurofilament light chain studies in neurological disorders, hints for interpretation. J Neurol Sci 2020;416:116986.
23. Kinkel RP, Dontchev M, Kollman C, Skaramagas TT, O’Connor PW, et al; Controlled High-Risk Avonex Multiple Sclerosis Prevention Study in Ongoing Neurological Surveillance Investigators. Association between immediate initiation of intramuscular interferon beta-1a at the time of a clinically isolated syndrome and long-term outcomes: a 10-year follow-up of the Controlled High-Risk Avonex Multiple Sclerosis Prevention Study in Ongoing Neurological Surveillance. Arch Neurol 2012;69:183-90.
24. Granberg T, Martola J, Kristoffersen-Wiberg M, Aspelin P, Fredrikson S. Radiologically isolated syndrome--incidental magnetic resonance imaging findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis, a systematic review. Mult Scler 2013;19:271-80.
25. Håkansson I, Tisell A, Cassel P, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, et al. Neurofilament light chain in cerebrospinal fluid and prediction of disease activity in clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2017;24:703-12.
26. Tortorella C, Direnzo V, Ruggieri M, Zoccolella S, Mastrapasqua M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light levels mark grey matter volume in clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2018;24:1039-45.
27. Pawlitzki M, Sweeney-Reed CM, Bittner D, Lux A, Vielhaber S, et al. CSF-Progranulin and neurofilament light chain levels in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome-sign of inflammation. Front Neurol 2018;9:1075.
28. Matute-Blanch C, Villar LM, Álvarez-Cermeño JC, Rejdak K, Evdoshenko E, et al. Neurofilament light chain and oligoclonal bands are prognostic biomarkers in radiologically isolated syndrome. Brain 2018;141:1085-93.
29. Disanto G, Adiutori R, Dobson R, Martinelli V, Dalla Costa G, et al; International Clinically Isolated Syndrome Study Group. Serum neurofilament light chain levels are increased in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016;87:126-9.
30. Kuhle J, Nourbakhsh B, Grant D, Morant S, Barro C, et al. Serum neurofilament is associated with progression of brain atrophy and disability in early MS. Neurology 2017;88:826-31.
31. Bjornevik K, Munger KL, Cortese M, Barro C, Healy BC, et al. Serum neurofilament light chain levels in patients with presymptomatic multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2019;77:58-64.
32. Dalla Costa G, Martinelli V, Sangalli F, Moiola L, Colombo B, et al. Prognostic value of serum neurofilaments in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology 2019;92:e733-41.
33. Saleem S, Anwar A, Fayyaz M, Anwer F, Anwar F. An overview of therapeutic options in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cureus 2019;11:e5246.
34. Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Sorensen PS, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology 2014;83:278-86.
35. Domingues RB, Fernandes GBP, Leite FBVM, Senne C. Neurofilament light chain in the assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 2019;77:436-41.
36. Martínez MA, Olsson B, Bau L, Matas E, Cobo Calvo A, et al. Glial and neuronal markers in cerebrospinal fluid predict progression in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015;21:550-61.
37. Lycke JN, Karlsson JE, Andersen O, Rosengren LE. Neurofilament protein in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker of activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:402-4.
38. Kuhle J, Kropshofer H, Haering DA, Kundu U, Meinert R, et al. Blood neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of MS disease activity and treatment response. Neurology 2019;92:e1007-15.
39. Gunnarsson M, Malmeström C, Axelsson M, Sundström P, Dahle C, et al. Axonal damage in relapsing multiple sclerosis is markedly reduced by natalizumab. Ann Neurol 2011;69:83-9.
40. Sormani MP, Haering DA, Kropshofer H, Leppert D, Kundu U, et al. Blood neurofilament light as a potential endpoint in Phase 2 studies in MS. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019;6:1081-9.
41. Khalil M, Teunissen CE, Otto M, Piehl F, Sormani MP, et al. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2018;14:577-89.
42. Kuhle J, Disanto G, Lorscheider J, Stites T, Chen Y, et al. Fingolimod and CSF neurofilament light chain levels in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2015;84:1639-43.
43. Kuhle J, Plattner K, Bestwick JP, Lindberg RL, Ramagopalan SV, et al. A comparative study of CSF neurofilament light and heavy chain protein in MS. Mult Scler 2013;19:1597-603.
44. Kuhle J, Malmeström C, Axelsson M, Plattner K, Yaldizli Ö, et al. Neurofilament light and heavy subunits compared as therapeutic biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2013;128:e33-6.
45. Kuhle J, Barro C, Disanto G, Mathias A, Soneson C, et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in early relapsing remitting MS is increased and correlates with CSF levels and with MRI measures of disease severity. Mult Scler 2016;22:1550-9.
46. Sejbaek T, Nielsen HH, Penner N, Plavina T, Mendoza JP, et al. Dimethyl fumarate decreases neurofilament light chain in CSF and blood of treatment naïve relapsing MS patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019;90:1324-30.
47. Kuhle J, Plavina T, Barro C, Disanto G, Sangurdekar D, et al. Neurofilament light levels are associated with long-term outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2019;1352458519885613.
48. Håkansson I, Tisell A, Cassel P, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, et al. Neurofilament levels, disease activity and brain volume during follow-up in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018;15:209.
49. Novakova L, Zetterberg H, Sundström P, Axelsson M, Khademi M, et al. Monitoring disease activity in multiple sclerosis using serum neurofilament light protein. Neurology 2017;89:2230-7.
50. Burman J, Zetterberg H, Fransson M, Loskog AS, Raininko R, et al. Assessing tissue damage in multiple sclerosis: a biomarker approach. Acta Neurol Scand 2014;130:81-9.
51. Barro C, Benkert P, Disanto G, Tsagkas C, Amann M, et al. Serum neurofilament as a predictor of disease worsening and brain and spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2018;141:2382-91.
52. Siller N, Kuhle J, Muthuraman M, Barro C, Uphaus T, et al. Serum neurofilament light chain is a biomarker of acute and chronic neuronal damage in early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2019;25:678-86.
53. de Flon P, Gunnarsson M, Laurell K, Söderström L, Birgander R, et al. Reduced inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis after therapy switch to rituximab. Neurology 2016;87:141-7.
54. Bhan A, Jacobsen C, Myhr KM, Dalen I, Lode K, et al. Neurofilaments and 10-year follow-up in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2018;24:1301-7.
55. Giovannoni G, Turner B, Gnanapavan S, Offiah C, Schmierer K, et al. Is it time to target no evident disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015;4:329-33.
56. Giovannoni G, Tomic D, Bright JR, Havrdová E. “No evident disease activity”: The use of combined assessments in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017;23:1179-87.
57. Delcoigne B, Manouchehrinia A, Barro C, Benkert P, Michalak Z, et al. Blood neurofilament light levels segregate treatment effects in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2020;94:e1201-12.
58. Salzer J, Svenningsson A, Sundström P. Neurofilament light as a prognostic marker in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010;16:287-92.
59. Norgren N, Sundström P, Svenningsson A, Rosengren L, Stigbrand T, et al. Neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004;63:1586-90.
60. Trentini A, Comabella M, Tintoré M, Koel-Simmelink MJ, Killestein J, et al. N-acetylaspartate and neurofilaments as biomarkers of axonal damage in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2014;261:2338-43.
61. Damasceno A, Dias-Carneiro RPC, Moraes AS, Boldrini VO, Quintiliano RPS, et al. Clinical and MRI correlates of CSF neurofilament light chain levels in relapsing and progressive MS. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019;30:149-53.
62. Sellebjerg F, Börnsen L, Ammitzbøll C, Nielsen JE, Vinther-Jensen T, et al. Defining active progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017;23:1727-35.
63. Martin SJ, McGlasson S, Hunt D, Overell J. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis and its subtypes: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019;90:1059-67.
64. Romme Christensen J, Komori M, von Essen MR, Ratzer R, Börnsen L, et al. CSF inflammatory biomarkers responsive to treatment in progressive multiple sclerosis capture residual inflammation associated with axonal damage. Mult Scler 2019;25:937-46.
65. Ferraro D, Guicciardi C, De Biasi S, Pinti M, Bedin R, et al. Plasma neurofilaments correlate with disability in progressive multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand 2020;141:16-21.
66. Williams T, Zetterberg H, Chataway J. Neurofilaments in progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J Neurol 2020. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09917-x
67. Sato DK, Lana-Peixoto MA, Fujihara K, de Seze J. Clinical spectrum and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: evolution and current status. Brain Pathol 2013;23:647-60.
68. Flanagan EP. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and other non-multiple sclerosis central nervous system inflammatory diseases. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2019;25:815-44.
69. Huh SY, Kim SH, Hyun JW, Jeong IH, Park MS, et al. Short segment myelitis as a first manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler 2017;23:413-9.
70. Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O’Brien PC, Weinshenker BG. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome). Neurology 1999;53:1107-14.
71. Palace J, Lin DY, Zeng D, Majed M, Elsone L, et al. Outcome prediction models in AQP4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Brain 2019;142:1310-23.
72. Mariotto S, Gajofatto A, Batzu L, Delogu R, Sechi G, et al. Relevance of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in CSF of seronegative cases. Neurology 2019;93:e1867-72.
73. Lechner C, Baumann M, Hennes EM, Schanda K, Marquard K, et al. Antibodies to MOG and AQP4 in children with neuromyelitis optica and limited forms of the disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016;87:897-905.
74. Sato DK, Callegaro D, Lana-Peixoto MA, Waters PJ, de Haidar Jorge FM, et al. Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 2014;82:474-81.
75. Cobo-Calvo Á, Ruiz A, D’Indy H, Poulat AL, Carneiro M, et al. MOG antibody-related disorders: common features and uncommon presentations. J Neurol 2017;264:1945-55.
76. Mariotto S, Ferrari S, Monaco S, Benedetti MD, Schanda K, et al. Clinical spectrum and IgG subclass analysis of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated syndromes: a multicenter study. J Neurol 2017;264:2420-30.
77. Cobo-Calvo A, Ruiz A, Maillart E, Audoin B, Zephir H, et al; OFSEP and NOMADMUS Study Group. Clinical spectrum and prognostic value of CNS MOG autoimmunity in adults: the MOGADOR study. Neurology 2018;90:e1858-69.
78. Jurynczyk M, Messina S, Woodhall MR, Raza N, Everett R, et al. Clinical presentation and prognosis in MOG-antibody disease: a UK study. Brain 2017;140:3128-38.
79. Cobo-Calvo A, Vukusic S, Marignier R. Clinical spectrum of central nervous system myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoimmunity in adults. Curr Opin Neurol 2019;32:459-66.
80. Mariotto S, Monaco S, Peschl P, Coledan I, Mazzi R, et al. MOG antibody seropositivity in a patient with encephalitis: beyond the classical syndrome. BMC Neurol 2017;17:190.
81. Juryńczyk M, Jacob A, Fujihara K, Palace J. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease: practical considerations. Pract Neurol 2019;19:187-95.
82. López-Chiriboga AS, Majed M, Fryer J, Dubey D, McKeon A, et al. Association of MOG-IgG serostatus with relapse after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and proposed diagnostic criteria for MOG-IgG-Associated disorders. JAMA Neurol 2018;75:1355-63.
83. de Mol CL, Wong Y, van Pelt ED, Wokke B, Siepman T, et al. The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults. Mult Scler 2019;16:1352458519845112.
84. Cobo-Calvo A, Sepúlveda M, d’Indy H, Armangué T, Ruiz A, et al; REEM Group. Usefulness of MOG-antibody titres at first episode to predict the future clinical course in adults. J Neurol 2019;266:806-15.
85. Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder diagnostic criteria: Sensitivity and specificity are both important. Mult Scler 2017;23:182-4.
86. Takano R, Misu T, Takahashi T, Sato S, Fujihara K, et al. Astrocytic damage is far more severe than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study. Neurology 2010;75:208-16.
87. Wang H, Wang C, Qiu W, Lu Z, Hu X, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid light and heavy neurofilaments in neuromyelitis optica. Neurochem Int 2013;63:805-8.
88. Brunner C, Lassmann H, Waehneldt TV, Matthieu JM, Linington C. Differential ultrastructural localization of myelin basic protein, myelin/oligodendroglial glycoprotein, and 2’,3’-cyclic nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase in the CNS of adult rats. J Neurochem 1989;52:296-304.
89. Mariotto S, Farinazzo A, Monaco S, Gajofatto A, Zanusso G, et al. Serum neurofilament light chain in nmosd and related disorders: comparison according to aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies status. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2017;3:2055217317743098.
90. Mariotto S, Ferrari S, Gastaldi M, Franciotta D, Sechi E, et al. Neurofilament light chain serum levels reflect disease severity in MOG-Ab associated disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019;90:1293-6.
91. Watanabe M, Nakamura Y, Michalak Z, Isobe N, Barro C, et al. Serum GFAP and neurofilament light as biomarkers of disease activity and disability in NMOSD. Neurology 2019;93:e1299-311.
