fig2

Figure 2. Chronic β-FNA differentially affects chemokine/cytokine expression in NHA. Cells were cultured in growth medium containing 3 µmol/L β-FNA for 24 h; the medium was then replaced with serum-free medium containing β-FNA for an additional 48 h. IL-1β (3 ng/mL) was added to cultures for the final 24 h. Chemokine/cytokine levels in the medium were measured by ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 11-16). Differing letters above the bars indicate the means are significantly (P < 0.01) different as determined by ANOVA and subsequent Fisher’s LSD. NHA: normal human astrocytes; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay; ANOVA: analysis of variance; LSD: least significant difference; SEM: standard error of the mean; β-FNA: beta-funaltrexamine; IL-1β: interleukin-1β