fig1

Figure 1. Cross-talk between glioblastoma cells and GAMs. A: Glioblastoma cells produce several chemoattractant factors which promote the recruitment of microglia and macrophages at the tumor site, GAMs; B: once inside the tumor, GAMs are exposed to immunosuppressive/antinflammatory factors and are reprogrammed towards phenotypes that sustain tumor growth, progression and invasion; C: the most relevant tumor promoting features of GAMs are presented. M-CSF: macrophage colony stimulating factor; CSF1: macrophage colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor; CSF2: granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; MCP-1/CCL2: monocyte chemotactic protein 1/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; MIF: macrophage inhibitory factor; SDF-1: stromal-derived factor-1; TGF β: transforming growth factor β; IL: interleukin; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; SPP1: osteopontin; GAMs: glioma associated microglia/macrophages; CNS: central nervous system