Topic: Comprehensive Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability among women worldwide, yet it remains underrecognized. This special issue focuses on sex-specific differences in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular disease in women, highlighting its unique manifestations. Women face distinct risks due to hormonal changes (e.g., pregnancy, menopause, aging), autoimmune disorders, and psychosocial stress, which are often overlooked in clinical practice. Additionally, delays in diagnosis, underrepresentation in clinical research, and sex-specific treatment disparities contribute to differential clinical outcomes. This issue highlights sex-specific challenges in cardiovascular disease management, emphasizing personalized strategies ranging from lifestyle interventions to pharmacotherapy. It aims to advance precision medicine in women's cardiovascular care to reduce the global public health burden.

Recommended topics for the special issue include:
1. Epidemiology and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in women: Global trends, regional variations, and sex-specific risk factors;
2. Atherosclerosis in women: Immune metabolisms and microvascular dysfunction;
3. Metabolic risks in women: Relationship between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and cardiovascular disease risk;
4. Estrogen and women's health: Impacts on physiology, pathology and therapeutic interventions;
5. Sex-Specific Challenges in Antithrombotic Therapy for Women: From pharmacodynamic differences to precision medicine;
6. Sex Disparities in Hypertension Management for Women;
7. Sex Differences in Heart Failure Management;
8. Sex-Specific lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention in women;
9. Diagnostic challenges in women's cardiovascular health: Sex-specific biomarkers and artificial intelligence applications;
10. Cardiovascular risks in pregnancy: From gestational complications to postpartum care;
11. Mental health and cardiovascular outcomes in women: Impacts of depression, psychological stress and socioeconomic factors;
12. Future directions for women's cardiovascular health: Advancing precision medicine, artificial intelligence, female-centric research, health education and global collaboration.