External surface and pore-mouth catalysis over zeolite: a review

Zeolites, as inorganic porous materials characterized by their well-defined framework structures, have garnered significant attention due to their unique shape selectivity and acid catalytic properties. However, the external surfaces and pore-mouths of zeolites can sometimes play unexpected and critical roles in catalytic processes. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the understanding of external surface and pore-mouth catalysis in zeolites. It highlights the significance of these sites in influencing reaction pathways, selectivity, and catalyst stability, offering insights into their mechanisms and potential applications. Understanding these phenomena provides new opportunities for the rational design of zeolite catalysts with enhanced performance for industrial processes.