REFERENCES

1. Sadler B, Kuensting T, Strahle J, et al. Prevalence and impact of underlying diagnosis and comorbidities on chiari 1 malformation. Pediatr Neurol. 2020;106:32-7.

2. Ciaramitaro P, Massimi L, Bertuccio A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Chiari malformation and syringomyelia in adults: international consensus document. Neurol Sci. 2022;43:1327-42.

3. Klimov VS, Gulay YS, Evsyukov AV, Moysak GI. Syringosubarachnoid shunting in treatment of syringomyelia: a literature review and a clinical case report. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 2017;81:58-65.

4. Jones R, Cirovic S, Rusbridge C. A review of cerebrospinal fluid circulation with respect to Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in brachycephalic dogs. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2025;22:25.

5. Cirovic S, Lloyd R, Jovanovik J, Volk HA, Rusbridge C. Computer simulation of syringomyelia in dogs. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14:82.

6. Cirovic S, Rusbridge C. Slosh simulation in a computer model of canine syringomyelia. Life. 2021;11:1083.

7. Dandy WE. An experimental and clinical study of internal hydrocephalus. JAMA. 1913;61:2216.

8. Dandy WE. An experimental, clinical and pathological study: part 1. -experimental studies. Am J Dis Child. 1914;VIII:406-82.

9. Dandy WE. Experimental hydrocephalus. Ann Surg. 1919;70:129-42.

10. Becker DP, Nulsen FE. Control of hydrocephalus by valve-regulated venous shunt: avoidance of complications in prolonged shunt maintenance. J Neurosurg. 1968;28:215-26.

11. Gage ED, Hoerlein BF. Suegical treatment of canine hydrocephalus by verticuloatrial shunting. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1968;153:1418-31.

12. Williams B, Weller RO. Syringomyelia produced by intramedullary fluid injection in dogs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1973;36:467-77.

13. The British Syringomyelia Chiari Group. Available from: https://www.annconroytrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/British-Syringomyelia-Chiari-Group-Constitution.docx [Last accessed on 1 Jul 2026].

14. Alperin N. Does the brain have mechanical compliance? Magn Reson Mater Phys Biol Med. 2020;33:753-6.

15. Novak G, Digel C, Burns B, James AE. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurements and radioisotope cisternography in dogs. Lab Anim. 1974;8:85-91.

16. Yuan XY, Yang KQ, Ma Y, et al. Temporal and spatial variations in CSF pressure are influenced by electrical stimulation of the OCI muscles in beagles. Sci Rep. 2025;15:33560.

17. Kurtcuoglu V, Poulikakos D, Ventikos Y. Computational modeling of the mechanical behavior of the cerebrospinal fluid system. J Biomech Eng. 2005;127:264-9.

18. Vandenbulcke S, Condron P, Dolfen H, et al. Evaluating amplified magnetic resonance imaging as an input for computational fluid dynamics models of the cerebrospinal fluid. Interface Focus. 2025;15:20240039.

19. Lloyd RA, Fletcher DF, Clarke EC, Bilston LE. Chiari malformation may increase perivascular cerebrospinal fluid flow into the spinal cord: A SUBJEct-specific computational modelling study. J Biomech. 2017;65:185-93.

20. Martin BA, Kalata W, Shaffer N, Fischer P, Luciano M, Loth F. Hydrodynamic and longitudinal impedance analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics at the craniovertebral junction in type I Chiari malformation. PLoS One. 2013;8:e75335.

21. Loth F, Yardimci MA, Alperin N. Hydrodynamic modeling of cerebrospinal fluid motion within the spinal cavity. J Biomech Eng. 2001;123:71-9.

22. British Veterinary Association. Chiari Malformation/Syringomyelia Scheme (CM/SM Scheme). 2013. Available from: https://www.bva.co.uk/canine-health-schemes/cmsm-scheme/ [Last accessed on 1 Jul 2026].

23. Rusbridge C, Stringer F, Knowler SP. Clinical application of diagnostic imaging of chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:280.

24. Jones R, Cirovic S, Rusbridge C. MRI-derived three-dimensional modelling reveals cervicothoracic subarachnoid space narrowing in syringomyelia-affected cavalier king charles spaniels. BMC Vet Res. 2026;22:306.

25. Rich J, Hubler S, Vidondo B, Raillard M, Schweizer D. Influence of body weight, age, and sex on cerebrospinal fluid peak flow velocity in dogs without neurological disorders. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38:1608-17.

26. Causemann M, Vinje V, Rognes ME. Human intracranial pulsatility during the cardiac cycle: a computational modelling framework. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2022;19:84.

27. Christen MA, Schweizer-Gorgas D, Richter H, Joerger FB, Dennler M. Quantification of cerebrospinal fluid flow in dogs by cardiac-gated phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35:333-40.

28. Cho H, Kim Y, Hong S, Choi H. Cerebrospinal fluid flow in normal beagle dogs analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging. J Vet Sci. 2021;22:e2.

29. Cerda-Gonzalez S, Olby NJ, Broadstone R, McCullough S, Osborne JA. Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid flow in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels analyzed using phase velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2009;50:467-76.

30. Farke D, Dörn F, Schaub S, Wenz E, Büttner K, Schmidt MJ. CSF flow measurement in the mesencephalic aqueduct using 2D cine phase-contrast MRI in dogs with communicating internal hydrocephalus, ventriculomegaly, and physiologic ventricular spaces. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1473778.

31. Gupta S, Soellinger M, Boesiger P, Poulikakos D, Kurtcuoglu V. Three-dimensional computational modeling of subject-specific cerebrospinal fluid flow in the subarachnoid space. J Biomech Eng. 2009;131:021010.

32. Khani M, Lawrence BJ, Sass LR, et al. Characterization of intrathecal cerebrospinal fluid geometry and dynamics in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) by magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0212239.

33. Khani M, Sass LR, Xing T, Keith Sharp M, Balédent O, Martin BA. Anthropomorphic model of intrathecal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics within the spinal subarachnoid space: spinal cord nerve roots increase steady-streaming. J Biomech Eng. 2018;140:081012.

34. Heidari Pahlavian S, Yiallourou T, Tubbs RS, et al. The impact of spinal cord nerve roots and denticulate ligaments on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the cervical spine. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91888.

35. Linge SO, Haughton V, Løvgren AE, Mardal KA, Langtangen HP. CSF flow dynamics at the craniovertebral junction studied with an idealized model of the subarachnoid space and computational flow analysis. Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:185-92.

36. Tangen KM, Hsu Y, Zhu DC, Linninger AA. CNS wide simulation of flow resistance and drug transport due to spinal microanatomy. J Biomech. 2015;48:2144-54.

Rare Disease and Orphan Drugs Journal
ISSN 2771-2893 (Online)
Follow Us

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/