REFERENCES

1. Bushby K, Finkel R, Birnkrant DJ, et al. ; DMD Care Considerations Working Group. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: implementation of multidisciplinary care. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:177-89.

2. Radley-Crabb HG, Marini JC, Sosa HA, Castillo LI, Grounds MD, Fiorotto ML. Dystropathology increases energy expenditure and protein turnover in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e89277.

3. Bagley A, Sienko S, Buckon CE, et al. What influences changes in gait spatiotemporal parameters in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Focusing on contractures, muscle strength, and gait deviations. Rare Dis Orphan Drugs J. 2025;4:19.

4. Choi YA, Chun SM, Kim Y, Shin HI. Lower extremity joint contracture according to ambulatory status in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018;19:287.

5. Willcocks RJ, Barnard AM, Wortman RJ, et al. Development of contractures in DMD in relation to MRI-determined muscle quality and ambulatory function. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2022;9:289-302.

6. Skalsky AJ, McDonald CM. Prevention and management of limb contractures in neuromuscular diseases. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2012;23:675-87.

7. Perry J. Gait analysis: normal and pathological function. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992.

8. Hsu JD, Furumasu J. Gait and posture changes in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy child. Clin Orthop. 1993:122-5.

9. Heberer K, Fowler E, Staudt L, et al. Hip kinetics during gait are clinically meaningful outcomes in young boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gait Posture. 2016;48:159-64.

10. Hoffman L. Longitudinal analysis: modeling within-person fluctuation and change. New York: Routledge; 2014.

11. Lim KRQ, Nguyen Q, Yokota T. Genotype-phenotype correlations in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients from the Canadian neuromuscular disease registry. J Pers Med. 2020;10:241.

12. Goudriaan M, Van den Hauwe M, Dekeerle J, et al. Gait deviations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy-Part 1. A systematic review. Gait Posture. 2018;62:247-61.

13. Gaudreault N, Gravel D, Nadeau S, Houde S, Gagnon D. Gait patterns comparison of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy to those of control subjects considering the effect of gait velocity. Gait Posture. 2010;32:342-7.

14. Sienko S, Buckon C, Bagley A, et al. Kinematic changes in gait in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: utility of the gait deviation index, the gait profile score and the gait variable scores. Gait Posture. 2023;100:157-64.

15. Buckon CE, Sienko SE, Fowler EG, et al. A longitudinal study of quantitative muscle strength and functional motor ability in ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy J Neuromuscul Dis. 2022;9:321-34.

16. Markati T, Oskoui M, Farrar MA, Duong T, Goemans N, Servais L. Emerging therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:814-29.

17. Sankar WN, Laird CT, Baldwin KD. Hip range of motion in children: what is the norm? J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32:399-405.

18. McDonald CM, Henricson EK, Abresch RT, et al. ; CINRG Investigators. Long-term effects of glucocorticoids on function, quality of life, and survival in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2018;391:451-61.

19. Haque US, Yokota T. Gene editing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: from experimental models to emerging therapies. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2025;15:17-40.

20. D’Angelo MG, Berti M, Piccinini L, et al. Gait pattern in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gait Posture. 2009;29:36-41.

21. Sienko S, Buckon CE, Bagley A, et al. Longitudinal changes in energy cost during walking in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Gait Posture. 2021;90:301-6.