REFERENCES
1. Donkor ES. Stroke in the 21(st) century: a snapshot of the burden, epidemiology, and quality of life. Stroke Res Treat 2018;2018:3238165.
2. Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci 1999;22:391-7.
4. Hasan N, McColgan P, Bentley P, Edwards RJ, Sharma P. Towards the identification of blood biomarkers for acute stroke in humans: a comprehensive systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;74:230-40.
5. Miao Y, Liao JK. Potential serum biomarkers in the pathophysiological processes of stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 2014;14:173-85.
6. Saenger AK, Christenson RH. Stroke biomarkers: progress and challenges for diagnosis, prognosis, differentiation, and treatment. Clin Chem 2010;56:21-33.
8. Wang W, Kong P, Ma G, Li L, Zhu J, et al. Characterization of the release and biological significance of cell-free DNA from breast cancer cell lines. Oncotarget 2017;8:43180-91.
9. Kustanovich A, Schwartz R, Peretz T, Grinshpun A. Life and death of circulating cell-free DNA. Cancer Biol Ther 2019;20:1057-67.
10. Vajpeyee A, Wijatmiko T, Vajpeyee M, Taywade O. Cell free DNA: a novel predictor of neurological outcome after intravenous thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurointervention 2018;13:13-9.
11. Bustamante A, Mancha F, Macher HC, Garcia-Berrocoso T, Giralt D, et al. Circulating cell-free DNA is a predictor of short-term neurological outcome in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. J Circ Biomark 2016;5:1849454416668791.
12. Bronkhorst AJ, Wentzel JF, Aucamp J, van Dyk E, du Plessis L, et al. Characterization of the cell-free DNA released by cultured cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016;1863:157-65.
13. Jahr S, Hentze H, Englisch S, Hardt D, Fackelmayer FO, et al. DNA fragments in the blood plasma of cancer patients: quantitations and evidence for their origin from apoptotic and necrotic cells. Cancer Res 2001;61:1659-65.
14. Zhivotosky B, Orrenius S. Assessment of apoptosis and necrosis by DNA fragmentation and morphological criteria. Curr Protoc Cell Biol 2001;18:18.3.1-23.
15. O’Connell GC, Petrone AB, Tennant CS, Lucke-Wold N, Kabbani Y, et al. Circulating extracellular DNA levels are acutely elevated in ischaemic stroke and associated with innate immune system activation. Brain Inj 2017;31:1369-75.
16. Sandercock P, Wardlaw JM, Lindley RI, Dennis M, Cohen G, et al. The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;379:2352-63.
17. Hanselman CJ. Timing of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: outcomes-based recommendations for practice. J Neurosci Nurs 2014;46:314-20.
18. Swarup V, Rajeswari MR. Circulating (cell-free) nucleic acids--a promising, non-invasive tool for early detection of several human diseases. FEBS Lett 2007;581:795-9.
19. Tsai NW, Lin TK, Chen SD, Chang WN, Wang HC, et al. The value of serial plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Clin Chim Acta 2011;412:476-9.
20. Rainer TH, Wong KS, Lam W, Lam NY, Graham CA, et al. Comparison of plasma beta-globin DNA and S-100 protein concentrations in acute stroke. Clin Chim Acta 2007;376:190-6.
21. Valles J, Lago A, Santos MT, Latorre AM, Tembl JI, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps are increased in patients with acute ischemic stroke: prognostic significance. Thromb Haemost 2017;117:1919-29.
22. Vajpeyee A, Wijatmiko T, Vajpeyee M, Taywade O, Pandey S, et al. Clinical usefulness of cell-free DNA as a prognostic marker in acute ischemic stroke. Neurologist 2020;25:11-3.
23. Rainer TH, Wong LK, Lam W, Yuen E, Lam NY, et al. Prognostic use of circulating plasma nucleic acid concentrations in patients with acute stroke. Clin Chem 2003;49:562-9.
24. Geiger S, Holdenrieder S, Stieber P, Hamann GF, Bruening R, et al. Nucleosomes in serum of patients with early cerebral stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;21:32-7.
25. Lam NY, Rainer TH, Wong LK, Lam W, Lo YM. Plasma DNA as a prognostic marker for stroke patients with negative neuroimaging within the first 24 h of symptom onset. Resuscitation 2006;68:71-8.
26. Wang HC, Yang TM, Lin WC, Lin YJ, Tsai NW, et al. The value of serial plasma and cerebrospinal fluid nuclear and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid levels in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2013;118:13-9.
27. Sairanen T, Carpen O, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Paetau A, Turpeinen U, et al. Evolution of cerebral tumor necrosis factor-alpha production during human ischemic stroke. Stroke 2001;32:1750-8.
28. Graham SH, Chen J. Programmed cell death in cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001;21:99-109.
30. Stroun M, Anker P, Maurice P, Lyautey J, Lederrey C, et al. Neoplastic characteristics of the DNA found in the plasma of cancer patients. Oncology 1989;46:318-22.
31. Fournie GJ, Courtin JP, Laval F, Chale JJ, Pourrat JP, et al. Plasma DNA as a marker of cancerous cell death. Investigations in patients suffering from lung cancer and in nude mice bearing human tumours. Cancer Lett 1995;91:221-7.
32. Lo YM, Rainer TH, Chan LY, Hjelm NM, Cocks RA. Plasma DNA as a prognostic marker in trauma patients. Clin Chem 2000;46:319-23.
33. Itagaki K, Kaczmarek E, Lee YT, Tang IT, Isal B, et al. Mitochondrial DNA released by trauma induces neutrophil extracellular traps. PLoS One 2015;10:e0120549.
34. Dziedzic T. Systemic inflammation as a therapeutic target in acute ischemic stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 2015;15:523-31.
35. Geiger S, Holdenrieder S, Stieber P, Hamann GF, Bruening R, et al. Nucleosomes as a new prognostic marker in early cerebral stroke. J Neurol 2007;254:617-23.
36. Holdenrieder S, Stieber P, Chan LY, Geiger S, Kremer A, et al. Cell-free DNA in serum and plasma: comparison of ELISA and quantitative PCR. Clin Chem 2005;51:1544-6.
37. Lee TH, Montalvo L, Chrebtow V, Busch MP. Quantitation of genomic DNA in plasma and serum samples: higher concentrations of genomic DNA found in serum than in plasma. Transfusion 2001;41:276-82.
38. Xiang J, Routhe LJ, Wilkinson DA, Hua Y, Moos T, et al. The choroid plexus as a site of damage in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and its role in responding to injury. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017;14:8.
39. Serrone JC, Maekawa H, Tjahjadi M, Hernesniemi J. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: pathobiology, current treatment and future directions. Expert Rev Neurother 2015;15:367-80.
40. Bronkhorst AJ, Aucamp J, Pretorius PJ. Cell-free DNA: preanalytical variables. Clin Chim Acta 2015;450:243-53.
41. Sorber L, Zwaenepoel K, Deschoolmeester V, Roeyen G, Lardon F, et al. A comparison of cell-free DNA isolation kits: isolation and quantification of cell-free DNA in plasma. J Mol Diagn 2017;19:162-8.
42. Devonshire AS, Whale AS, Gutteridge A, Jones G, Cowen S, et al. Towards standardisation of cell-free DNA measurement in plasma: controls for extraction efficiency, fragment size bias and quantification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014;406:6499-512.
43. Page K, Guttery DS, Zahra N, Primrose L, Elshaw SR, et al. Influence of plasma processing on recovery and analysis of circulating nucleic acids. PLoS One 2013;8:e77963.
44. O’Connell GC, Chantler PD, Barr TL. High interspecimen variability in nucleic acid extraction efficiency necessitates the use of spike-in control for accurate qPCR-based measurement of plasma cell-free DNA levels. Lab Med 2017;48:332-8.
45. Kroh EM, Parkin RK, Mitchell PS, Tewari M. Analysis of circulating microRNA biomarkers in plasma and serum using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Methods 2010;50:298-301.
46. Yu J, Gu G, Ju S. Recent advances in clinical applications of circulating cell-free DNA integrity. Lab Med 2014;45:6-11.
47. Huang A, Zhang X, Zhou SL, Cao Y, Huang XW, et al. Plasma circulating cell-free DNA integrity as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and surveillance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer 2016;7:1798-803.
48. Wong D, Moturi S, Angkachatchai V, Mueller R, DeSantis G, et al. Optimizing blood collection, transport and storage conditions for cell free DNA increases access to prenatal testing. Clin Biochem 2013;46:1099-104.
49. El Messaoudi S, Rolet F, Mouliere F, Thierry AR. Circulating cell free DNA: preanalytical considerations. Clin Chim Acta 2013;424:222-30.
50. Malentacchi F, Pizzamiglio S, Verderio P, Pazzagli M, Orlando C, et al. Influence of storage conditions and extraction methods on the quantity and quality of circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA): the SPIDIA-DNAplas external quality assessment experience. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015;53:1935-42.
