REFERENCES
1. Teo ZT, Tran BAN, Lakshminarayana S, et al. SecureRails: towards an open simulation platform for analyzing cyber-physical attacks in railways. In: 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON). IEEE; 2016. pp. 95–98.
2. Wang Z, Liu X. Cyber security of railway cyber-physical system (CPS)–a risk management methodology. Communic Transp Res 2022;2:100078.
3. López-Aguilar P, Batista E, Martínez-Ballesté A, Solanas A. Information security and privacy in railway transportation: a systematic review. Sensors 2022;22:7698.
4. Soderi S, Masti D, Lun YZ. Railway cyber-security in the era of interconnected systems: a survey. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 2023; doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2207.13412.
5. Ai B, Cheng X, Kürner T, et al. Challenges toward wireless communications for high-speed railway. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 2014;15:2143-58.
6. Virus Disrupts Train Signals. Available from: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/virus-disrupts-train-signals/ [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
7. Polish teen derails tram after hacking train network. Available from: https://www.theregister.com/2008/01/11/tram_hack/ [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
8. Hackers breached railway network, disrupted service. Available from: https://www.wired.com/2012/01/railyway-hack/ [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
9. BlackEnergy infected also Ukrainian Mining and Railway Systems. Available from: https://securityaffairs.com/44452/hacking/blackenergy-mining-and-railway-systems.html [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
10. Hackers breach Iran rail network, disrupt service. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-27/belarus-hackers-allegedly-disrupted-trains-to-thwart-russia#xj4y7vzkg [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
11. Belarus hackers allegedly disrupted trains to thwart Russia. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hackers-breach-iran-rail-network-disrupt-service-2021-07-09/ [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
12. The cheap radio hack that disrupted Poland's Railway System. Available from: https://www.wired.com/story/poland-train-radio-stop-attack/ [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
13. European Rail traffic management system (ERTMS). Available from: https://www.era.europa.eu/domains/infrastructure/european-rail-traffic-management-system-ertms_en [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
14. On-line Key Management FFFIS. Available from: https://www.era.europa.eu/system/files/2023-01/sos3_index083_-_subset-137_v100.pdf [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
15. Soderi S, Hämäläinen M, Iinatti J. Cybersecurity considerations for communication based train control. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291332739_Cybersecurity_considerations_for_Communication_Based_Train_Control [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
16. Temple WG, Tran BAN, Chen B, Kalbarczyk Z, Sanders WH. On train automatic stop control using balises: attacks and a software-only countermeasure. In: 2017 IEEE 22nd Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC). IEEE; 2017. pp. 274–83.
17. Wu Y, Weng J, Tang Z, Li X, Deng RH. Vulnerabilities, attacks, and countermeasures in balise-based train control systems. IEEE Trans Intell Trans Syst 2016;18:814-23.
18. Wu Y, Wei Z, Weng J, Deng RH. Position manipulation attacks to balise-based train automatic stop control. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 2018;67:5287-3001.
19. ENISA-ERA Conference CYBERSECURITY in RAILWAYS. Available from: https://www.era.europa.eu/system/files/2022-12/04CybSecChallenges-2%20-%20ERTMS%20UG%20-%20Cybersecurity%20guidelines%20in%20support%20of%20ERTMS.pdf [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
20. Baldini G, Fovino IN, Masera M, et al. An early warning system for detecting GSM-R wireless interference in the high-speed railway infrastructure. Int J Crit Infrastruct Prot 2010;3:140-56.
21. Dubey A, Vohra D, Vachhani K, Rao A. Demonstration of vulnerabilities in GSM security with USRP B200 and open-source penetration tools. In: 2016 22nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC). IEEE; 2016. pp. 496–501.
22. Chothia T, Ordean M, De Ruiter J, Thomas RJ. An attack against message authentication in the ERTMS train to trackside communication protocols. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security; 2017. pp. 743–56.
23. de Ruiter J, Thomas RJ, Chothia T. A formal security analysis of ERTMS train to trackside protocols. In: Reliability, Safety, and Security of Railway Systems. Modelling, Analysis, Verification, and Certification: First International Conference, RSSRail 2016, Paris, France, June 28-30, 2016, Proceedings 1. Springer; 2016. pp. 53–68.
24. Lopez I, Aguado M. Cyber security analysis of the European train control system. IEEE Commun Mag 2015;53:110-16.
25. He R, Ai B, Wang G, et al. High-speed railway communications: From GSM-R to LTE-R. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 2016;11:49-58.
26. Pujol F, Marcus JS. Evolution of GSM-R. Available from: https://www.era.europa.eu/system/files/2022-11/Study%20on%20the%20evolution%20of%20GSM-R%20by%20IDATE-WIK_0.pdf [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].
27. He R, Ai B, Zhong Z, et al. 5G for railways: next generation railway dedicated communications. IEEE Commun Mag 2022;60:130-36.
28. Future railway mobile communication system. Available from: https://uic.org/rail-system/telecoms-signalling/frmcs [Last accessed on 21 Feb 2024].