REFERENCES
1. Rowell TR, Tarran R. Will chronic e-cigarette use cause lung disease? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015;309:L1398-409.
2. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Public health consequences of E-cigarettes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press;2018.
3. Park-Lee E, Ren C, Sawdey MD, et al. Notes from the field: E-cigarette use among middle and high school students-national youth tobacco survey, United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1387-9.
4. McKee M. Will E-cigarette regulation evolve in pace with new products? Am J Public Health 2020;110:782-3.
5. Ali FRM, Seaman EL, Diaz MC, Ajose J, King BA. Trends in unit sales of cooling flavoured e-cigarettes, USA, 2017-2021. Tob Control 2022:057395.
6. QuickStats: percentage distribution* of cigarette smoking status† among current adult e-cigarette users, §by age group-national health interview survey, united states, 2021¶. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:270.
7. Hang B, Wang P, Zhao Y, Chang H, Mao JH, Snijders AM. Thirdhand smoke: genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2020;6:27-34.
8. Acuff L, Fristoe K, Hamblen J, Smith M, Chen J. Third-hand smoke: old smoke, new concerns. J Community Health 2016;41:680-7.
9. Martins-Green M, Adhami N, Frankos M, et al. Cigarette smoke toxins deposited on surfaces: implications for human health. PLoS One 2014;9:e86391.
10. Khachatoorian C, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Pankow JF, Talbot P. E-cigarette fluids and aerosol residues cause oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in human keratinocytes and 3D skin models. Toxicol In Vitro 2021;77:105234.
11. Goniewicz ML, Lee L. Electronic cigarettes are a source of thirdhand exposure to nicotine. Nicotine Tob Res 2015;17:256-8.
12. Glynos C, Bibli SI, Katsaounou P, et al. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor with cigarette smoke on lung function and inflammation in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018;315:L662-72.
13. Traboulsi H, Cherian M, Abou Rjeili M, et al. Inhalation toxicology of vaping products and implications for pulmonary health. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:3495.
14. Lappas AS, Tzortzi AS, Konstantinidi EM, et al. Short-term respiratory effects of e-cigarettes in healthy individuals and smokers with asthma. Respirology 2018;23:291-7.
15. Chen H, Li G, Allam VSRR, et al. Evidence from a mouse model on the dangers of thirdhand electronic cigarette exposure during early life. ERJ Open Res 2020;6:00022-2020.
16. Thorpe AE, Donovan C, Kim RY, et al. Third-hand exposure to E-Cigarette vapour induces pulmonary effects in mice. Toxics 2023;11:749.
17. Alasmari F, Crotty Alexander LE, Drummond CA, Sari Y. A computerized exposure system for animal models to optimize nicotine delivery into the brain through inhalation of electronic cigarette vapors or cigarette smoke. Saudi Pharm J 2018;26:622-8.
18. Chong J, Wishart DS, Xia J. Using metaboanalyst 4.0 for comprehensive and integrative metabolomics data analysis. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics 2019;68:e86.
19. The R Project for Statistical Computing. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/ [Last accessed on 25 Oct 2023].
20. Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Hamar B, McGeehin M. Using the blood concentration of 2,5-dimethylfuran as a marker for smoking. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1996;68:183-7.
21. Castellanos M, Suñer R, Fernández-Real JM, Sanchez JM. 2,5-Dimethylfuran as a validated biomarker of smoking status. Nicotine Tob Res 2019;21:828-34.
22. Li L, Nguyen C, Lin Y, Guo Y, Fadel NA, Zhu Y. Impacts of electronic cigarettes usage on air quality of vape shops and their nearby areas. Sci Total Environ 2021;760:143423.
23. Nguyen C, Li L, Sen CA, Ronquillo E, Zhu Y. Fine and ultrafine particles concentrations in vape shops. Atmos Environ 2019;211:159-69.
24. Díez-Izquierdo A, Cassanello-Peñarroya P, Lidón-Moyano C, Matilla-Santander N, Balaguer A, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Update on thirdhand smoke: a comprehensive systematic review. Environ Res 2018;167:341-71.
25. Marcham CL, Floyd EL, Wood BL, Arnold S, Johnson DL. E-cigarette nicotine deposition and persistence on glass and cotton surfaces. J Occup Environ Hyg 2019;16:349-54.
26. Yan B, Zagorevski D, Ilievski V, et al. Identification of newly formed toxic chemicals in E-cigarette aerosols with Orbitrap mass spectrometry and implications on E-cigarette control. Eur J Mass Spectrom 2021;27:141-8.
27. Martuzevicius D, Prasauskas T, Setyan A, et al. Characterization of the spatial and temporal dispersion differences between exhaled E-cigarette mist and cigarette smoke. Nicotine Tob Res 2019;21:1371-7.
28. Alkhedaide AQ. Tobacco smoking causes secondary polycythemia and a mild leukocytosis among heavy smokers in Taif City in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020;27:407-11.
29. Tymkiw KD, Thunell DH, Johnson GK, et al. Influence of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid cytokines in severe chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2011;38:219-28.
30. Nakamura M, Nakamura H, Minematsu N, et al. Plasma cytokine profiles related to smoking-sensitivity and phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biomarkers 2014;19:368-77.
31. Mertens TCJ, van der Does AM, Kistemaker LE, Ninaber DK, Taube C, Hiemstra PS. Cigarette smoke differentially affects IL-13-induced gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Physiol Rep 2017;5:e13347.