REFERENCES
1. Tarascon, J. M.; Armand, M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 2001, 414, 359-67.
2. Goodenough, J. B.; Kim, Y. Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 587-603.
3. Nitta, N.; Wu, F.; Lee, J. T.; Yushin, G. Li-ion battery materials: present and future. Mater. Today. 2015, 18, 252-64.
5. Manthiram, A. A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1550.
7. Cano, Z. P.; Banham, D.; Ye, S.; et al. Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets. Nat. Energy. 2018, 3, 279-89.
8. Schmuch, R.; Wagner, R.; Hörpel, G.; Placke, T.; Winter, M. Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries. Nat. Energy. 2018, 3, 267-78.
9. Sakti, A.; Michalek, J. J.; Fuchs, E. R.; Whitacre, J. F. A techno-economic analysis and optimization of Li-ion batteries for light-duty passenger vehicle electrification. J. Power. Sources. 2015, 273, 966-80.
10. Yang, C. Running battery electric vehicles with extended range: coupling cost and energy analysis. Applied. Energy. 2022, 306, 118116.
11. Gallagher, K. G.; Goebel, S.; Greszler, T.; et al. Quantifying the promise of lithium-air batteries for electric vehicles. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 1555.
12. Liu, J.; Bao, Z.; Cui, Y.; et al. Pathways for practical high-energy long-cycling lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy. 2019, 4, 180-6.
13. Choi, J. W.; Aurbach, D. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 201613.
14. Myung, S.; Maglia, F.; Park, K.; et al. Nickel-rich layered cathode materials for automotive lithium-ion batteries: achievements and perspectives. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2017, 2, 196-223.
15. Kim, D.; Shin, S.; Jeong, S. H.; et al. Cation-disordered fluoride to facilitate durable interfaces in (all) solid-state Li batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2025, 76, 104136.
16. Li, W.; Erickson, E. M.; Manthiram, A. High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries. Nat. Energy. 2020, 5, 26-34.
17. Manthiram, A.; Knight, J. C.; Myung, S.; Oh, S.; Sun, Y. Nickel-rich and lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes: progress and perspectives. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2016, 6, 1501010.
18. Jung, J.; Byeon, Y. S.; Lee, H.; et al. Interface reaction-controlled electrochemically active coatings for Ni-rich cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e75794.
19. Jeong, S. H.; Shin, S.; Kim, D.; et al. Cationic point defect fluoride to improve reaction kinetics in (all) solid-state Li batteries. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 36718-27.
20. Byeon, Y. S.; Lee, H. B.; Hong, Y.; et al. Cation-deficient LixWO3 surface coating on Ni-rich cathodes materials for lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2025, 17, 9322-31.
21. Obrovac, M. N.; Christensen, L. Structural changes in silicon anodes during lithium insertion/extraction. Electrochem. Solid-State. Lett. 2004, 7, A93.
22. Chan, C. K.; Peng, H.; Liu, G.; et al. High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 31-5.
23. Eshetu, G. G.; Zhang, H.; Judez, X.; et al. Production of high-energy Li-ion batteries comprising silicon-containing anodes and insertion-type cathodes. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 5459.
24. Chae, S.; Ko, M.; Kim, K.; Ahn, K.; Cho, J. Confronting issues of the practical implementation of Si anode in high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Joule 2017, 1, 47-60.
25. Rozier, P.; Tarascon, J. M. Review - Li-rich layered oxide cathodes for next-generation Li-ion batteries: chances and challenges. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A2490-9.
26. Thackeray, M. M.; Kang, S.; Johnson, C. S.; Vaughey, J. T.; Benedek, R.; Hackney, S. A. Li2MnO3-stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 3112.
27. Xu, K. Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11503-618.
28. Fan, X.; Wang, C. High-voltage liquid electrolytes for Li batteries: progress and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 10486-566.
29. Betz, J.; Bieker, G.; Meister, P.; Placke, T.; Winter, M.; Schmuch, R. Theoretical versus practical energy: a plea for more transparency in the energy calculation of different rechargeable battery systems. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2019, 9, 1803170.
30. Kuang, Y.; Chen, C.; Kirsch, D.; Hu, L. Thick electrode batteries: principles, opportunities, and challenges. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2019, 9, 1901457.
31. Danner, T.; Singh, M.; Hein, S.; Kaiser, J.; Hahn, H.; Latz, A. Thick electrodes for Li-ion batteries: a model based analysis. J. Power. Sources. 2016, 334, 191-201.
32. Cai, C.; Koenig, G. M. Enhancing low electronic conductivity materials in all active material electrodes through multicomponent architecture. Energy. Adv. 2023, 2, 308-20.
33. Yourey, W. Cell Design considerations and impact on energy density - a practical approach to EV cell design. WEVJ 2023, 14, 279.
34. Foreman, E.; Zakri, W.; Hossein Sanatimoghaddam, M.; et al. A review of inactive materials and components of flexible lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Sustainable. Syst. 2017, 1, 1700061.
35. Zhou, G.; Chen, H.; Cui, Y. Formulating energy density for designing practical lithium-sulfur batteries. Nat. Energy. 2022, 7, 312-9.
36. Boyce, A. M.; Cumming, D. J.; Huang, C.; et al. Design of scalable, next-generation thick electrodes: opportunities and challenges. ACS. Nano. 2021, 15, 18624-32.
37. Arnot, D. J.; Mayilvahanan, K. S.; Hui, Z.; et al. Thick electrode design for facile electron and ion transport: architectures, advanced characterization, and modeling. Acc. Mater. Res. 2022, 3, 472-83.
38. Lee, J. T.; Jo, C.; De Volder, M. Bicontinuous phase separation of lithium-ion battery electrodes for ultrahigh areal loading. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117, 21155-61.
39. Ko, K. H.; Kim, K.; Kim, Y.; et al. Degradation mechanism induced by depth-dependent inhomogeneity in thick high-areal-capacity graphite electrode. Small 2025, 21, e2410795.
40. Nemani, V. P.; Harris, S. J.; Smith, K. C. Design of Bi-tortuous, anisotropic graphite anodes for fast ion-transport in Li-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A1415-23.
41. Huang, C.; Dontigny, M.; Zaghib, K.; Grant, P. S. Low-tortuosity and graded lithium ion battery cathodes by ice templating. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2019, 7, 21421-31.
42. Wu, J.; Ju, Z.; Zhang, X.; et al. Low-tortuosity thick electrodes with active materials gradient design for enhanced energy storage. ACS. Nano. 2022, 16, 4805-12.
43. Hamed, H.; Yari, S.; D’haen, J.; et al. Demystifying charge transport limitations in the porous electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2020, 10, 2002492.
44. Boyce, A. M.; Lu, X.; Brett, D. J.; Shearing, P. R. Exploring the influence of porosity and thickness on lithium-ion battery electrodes using an image-based model. J. Power. Sources. 2022, 542, 231779.
45. Delattre, B.; Amin, R.; Sander, J.; De Coninck, J.; Tomsia, A. P.; Chiang, Y. Impact of pore tortuosity on electrode kinetics in lithium battery electrodes: study in directionally freeze-cast LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA). J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A388-95.
46. Elango, R.; Nadeina, A.; Cadiou, F.; et al. Impact of electrode porosity architecture on electrochemical performances of 1 mm-thick LiFePO4 binder-free Li-ion electrodes fabricated by spark plasma sintering. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 488, 229402.
47. Sim, Y. B.; Park, B. K.; Kim, K. J. Reasonable design of thick electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. Front. Batter. Electrochem. 2023, 2, 1272439.
48. Neidhart, L.; Fröhlich, K.; Boz, B.; Winter, F.; Jahn, M. Layer by layer: improved tortuosity in high loading aqueous NMC811 electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2024, 171, 050532.
49. Li, B.; Wang, S.; He, P.; et al. Pore microstructure and mass transfer dynamics in thick electrodes for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 511, 161931.
50. Landesfeind, J.; Hattendorff, J.; Ehrl, A.; Wall, W. A.; Gasteiger, H. A. Tortuosity determination of battery electrodes and separators by impedance spectroscopy. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 163, A1373-87.
51. Shodiev, A.; Primo, E.; Arcelus, O.; et al. Insight on electrolyte infiltration of lithium ion battery electrodes by means of a new three-dimensional-resolved lattice Boltzmann model. Energy. Storage. Materials. 2021, 38, 80-92.
52. Lautenschlaeger, M. P.; Prifling, B.; Kellers, B.; et al. Understanding electrolyte filling of lithium‐ion battery electrodes on the pore scale using the lattice Boltzmann method. Batteries. &. Supercaps. 2022, 5, e202200090.
53. Davoodabadi, A.; Li, J.; Liang, Y.; Wood, D. L.; Singler, T. J.; Jin, C. Analysis of electrolyte imbibition through lithium-ion battery electrodes. J. Power. Sources. 2019, 424, 193-203.
54. Wang, F.; Tang, M. Thermodynamic origin of reaction non-uniformity in battery porous electrodes and its mitigation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167, 120543.
55. Stavola, A. M.; Sun, X.; Guida, D. P.; et al. Lithiation gradients and tortuosity factors in thick NMC111-argyrodite solid-state cathodes. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 1273-80.
56. Kang, H.; Kim, Y.; Yoon, T.; Mun, J. Improved performance of lithium-ion batteries using a multilayer cathode of LiFePO4 and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol. 2023, 14, 320-5.
57. Guo, Y.; Li, X.; Guo, H.; et al. Visualization of concentration polarization in thick electrodes. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2022, 51, 476-85.
58. Okasinski, J. S.; Shkrob, I. A.; Rodrigues, M. F.; et al. Time-resolved X-ray operando observations of lithiation gradients across the cathode matrix and individual oxide particles during fast cycling of a Li-ion cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168, 110555.
59. Yang, J.; Li, Y.; Mijailovic, A.; et al. Gradient porosity electrodes for fast charging lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2022, 10, 12114-24.
60. Kim, J.; Lee, W.; Seok, J.; et al. Electrochemical profiling method for diagnosis of inhomogeneous reactions in lithium-ion batteries. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 2023, 4, 101331.
61. Min, B.; Cai, C.; Koenig, G. M. Electrode thickness impacts on transport limitations and electrochemical outcomes for all active material lithium-ion cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2025, 172, 050519.
62. Finegan, D. P.; Quinn, A.; Wragg, D. S.; et al. Spatial dynamics of lithiation and lithium plating during high-rate operation of graphite electrodes. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 2570-84.
63. Li, Z.; Yin, L.; Mattei, G. S.; et al. Synchrotron operando depth profiling studies of state-of-charge gradients in thick Li(Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1)O2 cathode films. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 6358-64.
64. Kim, H.; Oh, S. K.; Lee, J.; Doo, S. W.; Kim, Y.; Lee, K. T. Failure mode of thick cathodes for Li-ion batteries: variation of state-of-charge along the electrode thickness direction. Electrochimica. Acta. 2021, 370, 137743.
65. Heubner, C.; Nickol, A.; Seeba, J.; et al. Understanding thickness and porosity effects on the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2-based cathodes for high energy Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2019, 419, 119-26.
66. Gao, H.; Wu, Q.; Hu, Y.; Zheng, J. P.; Amine, K.; Chen, Z. Revealing the rate-limiting Li-ion diffusion pathway in ultrathick electrodes for Li-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 5100-4.
67. Du, Z.; Wood, D. L.; Daniel, C.; Kalnaus, S.; Li, J. Understanding limiting factors in thick electrode performance as applied to high energy density Li-ion batteries. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2017, 47, 405-15.
68. Zheng, H.; Li, J.; Song, X.; Liu, G.; Battaglia, V. S. A comprehensive understanding of electrode thickness effects on the electrochemical performances of Li-ion battery cathodes. Electrochimica. Acta. 2012, 71, 258-65.
69. Tian, R.; Park, S. H.; King, P. J.; et al. Quantifying the factors limiting rate performance in battery electrodes. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1933.
70. Won, Y.; Lee, W.; Choi, M.; et al. Depth-dependent kinetic limitations and degradation mechanisms in high-loading LiFePO4 electrodes. EcoMat 2026, 8, e70045.
71. Strobridge, F. C.; Orvananos, B.; Croft, M.; et al. Mapping the inhomogeneous electrochemical reaction through porous LiFePO4-electrodes in a standard coin cell battery. Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 2374-86.
72. Nakamura, T.; Watanabe, T.; Kimura, Y.; et al. Visualization of inhomogeneous reaction distribution in the model LiCoO2 composite electrode of lithium ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2017, 121, 2118-24.
73. Liu, H.; Kazemiabnavi, S.; Grenier, A.; et al. Quantifying reaction and rate heterogeneity in battery electrodes in 3D through operando X-ray diffraction computed tomography. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019, 11, 18386-94.
74. Zhang, M.; Chouchane, M.; Shojaee, S. A.; et al. Coupling of multiscale imaging analysis and computational modeling for understanding thick cathode degradation mechanisms. Joule 2023, 7, 201-20.
75. Cha, H.; Kim, J.; Lee, H.; et al. Boosting reaction homogeneity in high-energy lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, e2003040.
76. Tian, C.; Xu, Y.; Nordlund, D.; et al. Charge heterogeneity and surface chemistry in polycrystalline cathode materials. Joule 2018, 2, 464-77.
77. Lim, J. M.; Hwang, T.; Kim, D.; Park, M. S.; Cho, K.; Cho, M. Intrinsic origins of crack generation in Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 layered oxide cathode material. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 39669.
78. Park, K.; Hwang, J.; Ryu, H.; et al. Degradation mechanism of Ni-enriched NCA cathode for lithium batteries: are microcracks really critical? ACS. Energy. Letters. 2019, 4, 1394-400.
79. Nam, G. W.; Park, N.; Park, K.; et al. Capacity fading of Ni-rich NCA cathodes: effect of microcracking extent. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2019, 4, 2995-3001.
82. Ji, W.; Qu, H.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, D.; Qu, D. Electrode architecture design to promote charge-transport kinetics in high-loading and high-energy lithium-based batteries. Small. Methods. 2021, 5, e2100518.
81. Yari, S.; Hamed, H.; D’haen, J.; et al. Constructive versus destructive heterogeneity in porous electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2020, 3, 11820-9.
83. Nagarajan, S.; Weiland, C.; Hwang, S.; Balasubramanian, M.; Arava, L. M. R. Depth-dependent understanding of cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on the layered Li-ion cathodes operated at extreme high temperature. Chem. Mater. 2022, 34, 4587-601.
84. Harris, S. J.; Lu, P. Effects of inhomogeneities - nanoscale to mesoscale - on the durability of Li-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013, 117, 6481-92.
85. Pender, J. P.; Jha, G.; Youn, D. H.; et al. Electrode degradation in lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Nano. 2020, 14, 1243-95.
86. An, S. J.; Li, J.; Daniel, C.; Mohanty, D.; Nagpure, S.; Wood, D. L. The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling. Carbon 2016, 105, 52-76.
87. Renais, C.; Mirolo, M.; Servajon, M.; Drnec, J.; Alloin, F.; Villevieille, C. Understanding fast charging ability limitation in graphite electrode for Li-ion batteries: quasi-thermodynamic approach and methodology. Chem. Mater. 2025, 37, 5647-57.
88. Kang, J.; Lim, J.; Lee, H.; et al. Sequential effect of dual-layered hybrid graphite anodes on electrode utilization during fast-charging Li-Ion batteries. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2024, 11, e2403071.
89. Guo, J.; Xu, Y.; Exner, M.; et al. Unravelling the mechanism of pulse current charging for enhancing the stability of commercial LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/graphite lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2400190.
90. Rah, K.; Choi, B.; Kim, C. Effective measures of thickness evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase of graphite anodes for Li-ion batteries. Langmuir 2024, 40, 7550-9.
91. Thompson, L. M.; Harlow, J. E.; Dahn, J. R. Increasing stack energy density without lifetime penalty by increasing electrode loading in single crystal Li[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2/graphite pouch cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168, 100545.
92. Niri, M. F.; Apachitei, G.; Lain, M.; Copley, M.; Marco, J. Machine learning for investigating the relative importance of electrodes’ N:P areal capacity ratio in the manufacturing of lithium-ion battery cells. J. Power. Sources. 2022, 549, 232124.
93. Yang, Z.; Charalambous, H.; Trask, S. E.; et al. Extreme fast charge aging: Effect of electrode loading and NMC composition on inhomogeneous degradation in graphite bulk and electrode/electrolyte interface. J. Power. Sources. 2022, 549, 232119.
94. Bradbury, R.; Dewald, G. F.; Kraft, M. A.; et al. Visualizing reaction fronts and transport limitations in solid-state Li-S batteries via operando neutron imaging. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2203426.
95. Huang, S.; Kimura, Y.; Nakamura, T.; et al. Protracted relaxation dynamics of lithium heterogeneity in solid-state battery electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2024, 128, 6213-21.
96. Gao, X.; Liu, B.; Hu, B.; et al. Solid-state lithium battery cathodes operating at low pressures. Joule 2022, 6, 636-46.
97. Liu, C.; Roters, F.; Raabe, D. Role of grain-level chemo-mechanics in composite cathode degradation of solid-state lithium batteries. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 7970.
98. Wu, J.; Guo, H.; Wang, R.; et al. Fabrication of low-tortuosity thick electrodes with low material loss by temporally shaped ultraviolet femtosecond laser. Nat. Commun. 2026, 17, 973.
99. Zhang, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Chen, L.; Hu, S. A strategy to build high-performance thick electrodes for lithium-ion batteries with enhanced compressive modulus and regulated tortuosity in the phase-inversion process. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2024, 12, 16537-45.
100. Ju, Z.; King, S. T.; Xu, X.; et al. Vertically assembled nanosheet networks for high-density thick battery electrodes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2022, 119, e2212777119.
101. Du, Z.; Zha, Q.; Zhang, Z.; et al. An efficient thick electrode design with artificial porous structure and gradient particle arrangement for lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2025, 8, e12867.
102. Chen, W.; Wang, K.; Li, Y.; et al. Minimize the electrode concentration polarization for high‐power lithium batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2410926.
103. Niu, X.; Lu, Y.; Chen, P.; et al. Gradient-matched microstructural engineering for fast-charging, damage-tolerant thick electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2025, 15, 2502245.
104. Zhang, X.; Hui, Z.; King, S. T.; et al. Gradient architecture design in scalable porous battery electrodes. Nano. Lett. 2022, 22, 2521-8.
105. Cheng, C.; Drummond, R.; Duncan, S. R.; Grant, P. S. Extending the energy-power balance of Li-ion batteries using graded electrodes with precise spatial control of local composition. J. Power. Sources. 2022, 542, 231758.
106. Min, J.; Jung, Y.; Kim, J.; et al. Mechanically unwinding carbon nanotubes enables homogeneous conductive networks in high-loading dry cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Small. Struct. 2026, 7, e202500752.
107. Kim, B.; Kim, D. K.; Yu, J.; Yoo, Y. Conductive agent-controlled tortuosity in solvent-free thick-film electrodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2025, 8, e70019.
108. Ali, J.; Embleton, T. J.; Choi, J. H.; et al. Overcoming through-plane resistance in lithium-ion battery cathode electrodes via the application of trace high-aspect-ratio carbon nanofiber carbon additives with carbon nanotube-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2024, 7, 10134-48.
109. Yang, K.; Yang, L.; Wang, Z.; et al. Constructing a highly efficient aligned conductive network to facilitate depolarized high-areal-capacity electrodes in Li-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2021, 11, 2100601.
110. Lu, X.; Zhang, X.; Tan, C.; et al. Multi-length scale microstructural design of lithium-ion battery electrodes for improved discharge rate performance. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 5929-46.
111. Ji, T.; Zhang, Y.; Torres, J.; et al. Operando neutron imaging-guided gradient design of Li-ion solid conductor for high-mass-loading cathodes. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 7667.
112. Lu, X.; Bertei, A.; Finegan, D. P.; et al. 3D microstructure design of lithium-ion battery electrodes assisted by X-ray nano-computed tomography and modelling. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2079.
113. Leach, A. S.; Llewellyn, A. V.; Xu, C.; et al. Spatially resolved operando synchrotron-based X-Ray diffraction measurements of Ni-rich cathodes for Li-ion batteries. Front. Chem. Eng. 2022, 3, 794194.
114. Forouzan, M. M.; Mazzeo, B. A.; Wheeler, D. R. Modeling the effects of electrode microstructural heterogeneities on Li-ion battery performance and lifetime. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A2127-44.
115. O'Kane, S. E. J.; Ai, W.; Madabattula, G.; et al. Lithium-ion battery degradation: how to model it. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2022, 24, 7909-22.
116. Zheng, J.; Xing, G.; Jin, L.; et al. Strategies and challenge of thick electrodes for energy storage: a review. Batteries 2023, 9, 151.
117. Kang, X.; Fu, G.; Wang, X.; et al. Copper-cobalt-nickel oxide nanowire arrays on copper foams as self-standing anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2021, 32, 938-42.
118. Singh, M.; Kaiser, J.; Hahn, H. Thick electrodes for high energy lithium ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A1196-201.
119. Smith, A.; Stüble, P.; Leuthner, L.; Hofmann, A.; Jeschull, F.; Mereacre, L. Potential and limitations of research battery cell types for electrochemical data acquisition. Batteries. Supercaps. 2023, 6, e202300080.
120. Son, Y.; Cha, H.; Lee, T.; et al. Analysis of differences in electrochemical performance between coin and pouch cells for lithium-ion battery applications. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2024, 7, e12615.
121. Yang, Y.; Liu, C.; Su, M.; et al. Kinetic mechanism and structural design of thick electrodes in lithium-ion batteries: challenges and optimization strategies. Small 2025, 21, e06931.
122. Won, J. U.; Park, B. K.; Choi, J.; Kim, K. J. Hyper-areal-capacity dry electrodes (22.6 mAh cm-2) enabled by electron beam-induced functionalization of fibrillated PTFE for high-energy-density Li-ion batteries (> 400 Wh kg-1). Adv. Energy. Mater. 2025, 15, e04841.
123. Ryu, M.; Hong, Y. K.; Lee, S. Y.; Park, J. H. Ultrahigh loading dry-process for solvent-free lithium-ion battery electrode fabrication. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 1316.
124. Han, S.; Lee, H.; Yang, S.; et al. High-energy-density Li-ion batteries employing gradient porosity LiFePO4 electrode for enhancing Li-ion kinetics and electron transfer. Small. Struct. 2025, 6, 2500093.
