REFERENCES
1. Mao, M.; Gong, L.; Wang, X.; et al. Electrolyte design combining fluoro- with cyano-substitution solvents for anode-free Li metal batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2024, 121, e2316212121.
2. Du, H.; Wang, Y.; Kang, Y.; et al. Side reactions/changes in lithium-ion batteries: mechanisms and strategies for creating safer and better batteries. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2401482.
3. Cai, W.; Deng, Y.; Deng, Z.; et al. Quasi-localized high-concentration electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2301396.
4. Chen, L.; Zhang, Q.; Song, C.; et al. A “flexible” solvent molecule enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202422791.
5. Fan, X.; Chen, L.; Borodin, O.; et al. Non-flammable electrolyte enables Li-metal batteries with aggressive cathode chemistries. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 715-22.
6. Feng, K.; Li, M.; Liu, W.; et al. Silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries: from fundamentals to practical applications. Small 2018, 14, 1702737.
7. Mahajani, V.; Koratkar, N. Toward practical alloy anode based solid state batteries. Small 2023, 21, 2306388.
8. Sun, L.; Liu, Y.; Shao, R.; Wu, J.; Jiang, R.; Jin, Z. Recent progress and future perspective on practical silicon anode-based lithium ion batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2022, 46, 482-502.
9. Chan, C. K.; Peng, H.; Liu, G.; et al. High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 3, 31-5.
10. Su, X.; Wu, Q.; Li, J.; et al. Silicon-based nanomaterials for lithium-ion batteries: a review. Advanced. Energy. Mater. 2013, 4, 1300882.
11. Kim, N.; Kim, Y.; Sung, J.; Cho, J. Issues impeding the commercialization of laboratory innovations for energy-dense Si-containing lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Energy. 2023, 8, 921-33.
12. Guo, J.; Dong, D.; Wang, J.; et al. Silicon-based lithium ion battery systems: stat-of-the-art from half and full cell viewpoint. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2102546.
13. Xiao, J.; Shi, F.; Glossmann, T.; Burnett, C.; Liu, Z. From laboratory innovations to materials manufacturing for lithium-based batteries. Nat. Energy. 2023, 8, 329-39.
14. Sung, J.; Kim, N.; Ma, J.; et al. Subnano-sized silicon anode via crystal growth inhibition mechanism and its application in a prototype battery pack. Nat. Energy. 2021, 6, 1164-75.
15. Han, X.; Gu, L.; Sun, Z.; et al. Manipulating charge-transfer kinetics and a flow-domain LiF-rich interphase to enable high-performance microsized silicon-silver-carbon composite anodes for solid-state batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 5395-408.
16. Zhang, Y.; Tang, W.; Gao, H.; et al. Monolithic layered silicon composed of a crystalline-amorphous network for sustainable lithium-ion battery anodes. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 15671-80.
17. Wang, F.; Mao, J.; Zhao, Y. Crystal engineering of silica anode achieving intrinsic zero-strain. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2307908.
18. Liu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Xue, N.; et al. Mitigation of volumetric expansion in silicon anodes via engineered porosity: electrochemical performances and stress distribution implication. Energy. Tech. 2024, 12, 2400664.
19. Zhang, Z.; Ma, X.; Li, Y.; et al. Highly ion-conductive Si Anode binder with optimized tensile strength and large deformation for lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2025, 17, 43034-47.
20. Ramdhiny, M. N.; Jeon, J. W. Design of multifunctional polymeric binders in silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Carbon. Energy. 2023, 6, e356.
21. Jang, W.; Kim, S.; Kang, Y.; Yim, T.; Kim, T. A high-performance self-healing polymer binder for Si anodes based on dynamic carbon radicals in cross-linked poly(acrylic acid). Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 469, 143949.
22. Liu, T.; Dong, T.; Wang, M.; et al. Recycled micro-sized silicon anode for high-voltage lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Sustain. 2024, 7, 1057-66.
23. Li, A.; Wang, Z.; Lee, T.; et al. Asymmetric electrolyte design for high-energy lithium-ion batteries with micro-sized alloying anodes. Nat. Energy. 2024, 9, 1551-60.
24. Yang, Y.; Li, Z.; Zhang, M.; et al. Electrolyte chemistry modulation toward high-performance and ultralow-temperature silicon anode. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2417981.
25. Ko, M.; Chae, S.; Ma, J.; et al. Scalable synthesis of silicon-nanolayer-embedded graphite for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Energy. 2016, 1, 16113.
26. Quan, L.; Su, Q.; Lei, H.; et al. Integrated prelithiation and SEI engineering for high-performance silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2025, 12, nwaf084.
27. Huo, H.; Jiang, M.; Bai, Y.; et al. Chemo-mechanical failure mechanisms of the silicon anode in solid-state batteries. Nat. Mater. 2024, 23, 543-51.
28. Zhang, Y.; Du, N.; Yang, D. Designing superior solid electrolyte interfaces on silicon anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 2019, 11, 19086-104.
29. Khan, M.; Yan, S.; Ali, M.; et al. Innovative solutions for high-performance silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries: overcoming challenges and real-world applications. Nano-Micro. Lett. 2024, 16, 179.
30. Yang, G.; Browning, K.; Meyer, H. M.; et al. Mitigating calendar aging in Si-NMC batteries with advanced dual-salt Glyme electrolytes. Chem. Mater. 2024, 36, 10902-11.
31. Wu, H.; Chan, G.; Choi, J. W.; et al. Stable cycling of double-walled silicon nanotube battery anodes through solid-electrolyte interphase control. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 310-5.
33. Li, Q.; Ruan, J.; Weng, S.; et al. Interphasial pre-lithiation and reinforcement of micro-Si anode through fluorine-free electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202310297.
34. Ko, Y.; Bae, J.; Chen, G.; et al. Topological considerations in electrolyte additives for passivating silicon anodes with hybrid solid-electrolyte interphases. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2024, 9, 3448-55.
35. Wu, Y.; Feng, X.; Yang, M.; et al. Thermal runaway of nonflammable localized high-concentration electrolytes for practical LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2|graphite-SiO pouch cells. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2204059.
36. Zhang, F.; Wang, Z.; Wang, L.; et al. Constructing a universal artificial polymeric ionic liquid interfacial film for graphite anode and High-Voltage cathode. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 435, 135101.
37. Mu, T.; Sun, Y.; Wang, C.; et al. Long-life silicon anodes by conformal molecular-deposited polyurea interface for lithium ion batteries. Nano. Energy. 2022, 103, 107829.
38. Dey, A. Lithium anode film and organic and inorganic electrolyte batteries. Thin. Solid. Films. 1977, 43, 131-71.
39. Peled, E. The electrochemical behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals in nonaqueous battery systems - the solid electrolyte interphase model. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 126, 2047-51.
40. Nazri, G.; Muller, R. H. Composition of surface layers on Li electrodes in PC, LiClO4 of very low water content. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1985, 132, 2050-4.
41. Aurbach, D.; Daroux, M. L.; Faguy, P. W.; Yeager, E. Identification of surface films formed on lithium in propylene carbonate solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1987, 134, 1611-20.
42. Kanamura, K.; Tamura, H.; Shiraishi, S.; Takehara, Z. I. XPS Analysis of lithium surfaces following immersion in various solvents containing LiBF4. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995, 142, 340-7.
43. Edström, K.; Herstedt, M.; Abraham, D. P. A new look at the solid electrolyte interphase on graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2006, 153, 380-4.
44. Guo, K.; Kumar, R.; Xiao, X.; Sheldon, B. W.; Gao, H. Failure progression in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on silicon electrodes. Nano. Energy. 2020, 68, 104257.
45. Lee, C. H.; Dura, J. A.; Lebar, A.; Decaluwe, S. C. Direct, operando observation of the bilayer solid electrolyte interphase structure: Electrolyte reduction on a non-intercalating electrode. J. Power. Sources. 2019, 412, 725-35.
46. Liu, Y.; Guo, K.; Wang, C.; Gao, H. Wrinkling and ratcheting of a thin film on cyclically deforming plastic substrate: Mechanical instability of the solid-electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 2019, 123, 103-18.
47. Besenhard, J.; Winter, M.; Yang, J.; Biberacher, W. Filming mechanism of lithium-carbon anodes in organic and inorganic electrolytes. J. Power. Sources. 1995, 54, 228-31.
48. Peled, E.; Golodnitsky, D.; Ardel, G. Advanced model for solid electrolyte interphase electrodes in liquid and polymer electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144, L208-10.
49. Aurbach, D.; Weissman, I.; Zaban, A.; Chusid, O. Correlation between surface chemistry, morphology, cycling efficiency and interfacial properties of Li electrodes in solutions containing different Li salts. Electrochim. Acta. 1994, 39, 51-71.
50. Aurbach, D.; Markovsky, B.; Shechter, A.; Ein-Eli, Y.; Cohen, H. A Comparative study of synthetic graphite and Li electrodes in electrolyte solutions based on ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate mixtures. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 3809-20.
51. Aurbach, D.; Gofer, Y.; Ben-Zion, M.; Aped, P. The behaviour of lithium electrodes in propylene and ethylene carbonate: Te major factors that influence Li cycling efficiency. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 339, 451-71.
52. Goodenough, J. B.; Kim, Y. Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 587-603.
53. Yan, C.; Li, H.; Chen, X.; et al. Regulating the inner Helmholtz plane for stable solid electrolyte interphase on lithium metal anodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 9422-9.
54. Wang, Z.; Sun, Z.; Li, J.; et al. Insights into the deposition chemistry of Li ions in nonaqueous electrolyte for stable Li anodes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 3178-210.
55. Chekushkin, P. M.; Merenkov, I. S.; Smirnov, V. S.; Kislenko, S. A.; Nikitina, V. A. The physical origin of the activation barrier in Li-ion intercalation processes: the overestimated role of desolvation. Electrochim. Acta. 2021, 372, 137843.
56. Xiao, P.; Yun, X.; Chen, Y.; et al. Insights into the solvation chemistry in liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2023, 52, 5255-316.
57. Goodenough, J. B.; Park, K. The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167-76.
58. Wang, A.; Kadam, S.; Li, H.; Shi, S.; Qi, Y. Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries. npj. Comput. Mater. 2018, 4, 15.
59. Zhao, Q.; Stalin, S.; Archer, L. A. Stabilizing metal battery anodes through the design of solid electrolyte interphases. Joule 2021, 5, 1119-42.
60. Hou, C.; Han, J.; Liu, P.; et al. Operando observations of SEI film evolution by mass-sensitive scanning transmission electron microscopy. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2019, 9, 1902675.
61. Chen, Z.; Soltani, A.; Chen, Y.; et al. Emerging organic surface chemistry for Si anodes in lithium-ion batteries: advances, prospects, and beyond. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2022, 12, 2200924.
62. He, Y.; Jiang, L.; Chen, T.; et al. Progressive growth of the solid-electrolyte interphase towards the Si anode interior causes capacity fading. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2021, 16, 1113-20.
63. Tripathi, A. M.; Su, W.; Hwang, B. J. In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 736-851.
64. Moeremans, B.; Cheng, H. W.; Merola, C.; et al. In situ mechanical analysis of the nanoscopic solid electrolyte interphase on anodes of Li-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1900190.
65. Chon, M. J.; Sethuraman, V. A.; Mccormick, A.; Srinivasan, V.; Guduru, P. Real-time measurement of stress and damage evolution during initial lithiation of crystalline silicon. Meet. Abstr. 2011, MA2011-02, 1336.
66. Nie, M.; Abraham, D. P.; Chen, Y.; Bose, A.; Lucht, B. L. Silicon solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of lithium ion battery characterized by microscopy and spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013, 117, 13403-12.
67. Choi, N.; Yew, K. H.; Lee, K. Y.; Sung, M.; Kim, H.; Kim, S. Effect of fluoroethylene carbonate additive on interfacial properties of silicon thin-film electrode. J. Power. Sources. 2006, 161, 1254-9.
68. Parimalam, B. S.; Lucht, B. L. Reduction reactions of electrolyte salts for lithium ion batteries: LiPF6, LiBF4, LiDFOB, LiBOB, and LiTFSI. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A251-5.
69. Chan, C. K.; Ruffo, R.; Hong, S. S.; Cui, Y. Surface chemistry and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon nanowire lithium-ion battery anodes. J. Power. Sources. 2009, 189, 1132-40.
70. Borodin, O.; Bedrov, D. Interfacial structure and dynamics of the lithium alkyl dicarbonate SEI components in contact with the lithium battery electrolyte. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2014, 118, 18362-71.
71. Tasaki, K. Solvent decompositions and physical properties of decomposition compounds in Li-ion battery electrolytes studied by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2005, 109, 2920-33.
72. Yang, Y.; Liu, X.; Dai, Z.; et al. In situ electrochemistry of rechargeable battery materials: status report and perspectives. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1606922.
73. Zheng, J.; Zheng, H.; Wang, R.; et al. 3D visualization of inhomogeneous multi-layered structure and Young’s modulus of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on silicon anodes for lithium ion batteries. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 13229-38.
74. Yen, Y.; Chao, S.; Wu, H.; Wu, N. Study on solid-electrolyte-Interphase of Si and C-coated Si electrodes in lithium cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, A95.
75. Philippe, B.; Dedryvère, R.; Allouche, J.; et al. Nanosilicon electrodes for lithium-ion batteries: interfacial mechanisms studied by hard and soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 1107-15.
76. Cao, C.; Abate, I. I.; Sivonxay, E.; et al. Solid electrolyte interphase on native oxide-terminated silicon anodes for Li-ion batteries. Joule 2019, 3, 762-81.
77. Cao, C.; Steinrück, H.; Shyam, B.; Stone, K. H.; Toney, M. F. In situ study of silicon electrode lithiation with X-ray reflectivity. Nano. Lett. 2016, 16, 7394-401.
78. Kumar, R.; Lu, P.; Xiao, X.; Huang, Z.; Sheldon, B. W. Strain-induced lithium losses in the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon electrodes. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2017, 9, 28406-17.
79. Kumar, R.; Tokranov, A.; Sheldon, B. W.; et al. In situ and operando investigations of failure mechanisms of the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon electrodes. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2016, 1, 689-97.
80. Benitez, L.; Cristancho, D.; Seminario, J.; Martinez De La Hoz, J.; Balbuena, P. Electron transfer through solid-electrolyte-interphase layers formed on Si anodes of Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2014, 140, 250-7.
81. Sang, X.; Hu, K.; Chen, J.; et al. Temperature-inert weakly solvating electrolytes for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries with micro-sized silicon anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202500367.
82. Cheng, K.; Tu, S.; Zhang, B.; et al. Material-electrolyte interfacial interaction enabling the formation of an inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase for fast-charging Si-based lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 2631-41.
83. Xu, C.; Jing, P.; Xia, P.; et al. Tailoring a multilayer fine-grained solid electrolyte interphase by pulse electrochemical activation maneuver for stable Si/C anodes. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 7060-70.
84. Li, A.; Wang, Z.; Pollard, T. P.; et al. High voltage electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries with micro-sized silicon anodes. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 1206.
85. Mazur, P.; Markowski, L.; Grodzicki, M. Thermal stability of LiF thin films on 6H-SiC(0001) surface. Vacuum 2009, 84, 622-4.
86. Bin Jassar, M.; Michel, C.; Abada, S.; et al. A Perspective on the molecular modeling of electrolyte decomposition reactions for solid electrolyte interphase growth in lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2313188.
87. Zhang, W.; Zhang, N.; Wang, Z.; et al. Mechanistic understanding of interphase-driven ageing in silicon anodes. Nat. Energy. 2026, 11, 558-70.
88. Wang, H.; Chew, H. B. Nanoscale mechanics of the solid electrolyte interphase on lithiated-silicon electrodes. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2017, 9, 25662-7.
89. Mcbrayer, J. D.; Rodrigues, M. F.; Schulze, M. C.; et al. Calendar aging of silicon-containing batteries. Nat. Energy. 2021, 6, 866-72.
90. Veith, G. M.; Doucet, M.; Sacci, R. L.; Vacaliuc, B.; Baldwin, J. K.; Browning, J. F. Determination of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Structure Grown on a Silicon Electrode Using a Fluoroethylene Carbonate Additive. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 6326.
91. Key, B.; Bhattacharyya, R.; Morcrette, M.; Seznéc, V.; Tarascon, J.; Grey, C. P. Real-time NMR investigations of structural changes in silicon electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9239-49.
92. Michan, A. L.; Leskes, M.; Grey, C. P. Voltage dependent solid electrolyte interphase formation in silicon electrodes: monitoring the formation of organic decomposition products. Chem. Mater. 2015, 28, 385-98.
93. Liu, Z.; Lu, P.; Zhang, Q.; Xiao, X.; Qi, Y.; Chen, L. A bottom-up formation mechanism of solid electrolyte interphase revealed by isotope-assisted time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 5508-14.
94. Xu, K. Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4303-418.
95. Ren, K.; Li, Z.; Shen, X.; et al. Ion/dipole interactions in novel solvation structures for rechargeable batteries: a review. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2026, 19, 411-45.
96. Seo, D. M.; Reininger, S.; Kutcher, M.; Redmond, K.; Euler, W. B.; Lucht, B. L. Role of mixed solvation and ion pairing in the solution structure of lithium ion battery electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015, 119, 14038-46.
97. Chen, H.; Chen, K.; Luo, L.; et al. LiNO3-based electrolytes via electron-donation modulation for sustainable nonaqueous lithium rechargeable batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202316966.
98. Luo, Z.; Hu, L.; Ye, Y.; et al. All-cyclic-solvent electrolyte design enables ultra-low-temperature and fast-charging sodium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65, e21433.
99. Wu, S.; Liu, X.; Guo, M.; et al. Anion-induced bridged electrolyte design strategy mitigates capacity decay in lithium-sulfurized polyacrylonitrile batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202517531.
100. Su, C.; He, M.; Amine, R.; et al. Solvating power series of electrolyte solvents for lithium batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1249-54.
101. Su, C. C.; He, M.; Amine, R.; Chen, Z.; Amine, K. The relationship between the relative solvating power of electrolytes and shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 12033-6.
102. Su, C. C.; He, M.; Shi, J.; Amine, R.; Zhang, J.; Amine, K. Solvation rule for solid-electrolyte interphase enabler in lithium-metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 18229-33.
103. Wu, Y.; Hu, Q.; Liang, H.; et al. Electrostatic potential as solvent descriptor to enable rational electrolyte design for lithium batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2300259.
104. Wu, Z.; Li, R.; Zhang, S.; et al. Deciphering and modulating energetics of solvation structure enables aggressive high-voltage chemistry of Li metal batteries. Chem 2023, 9, 650-64.
105. Zhang, H.; Li, R.; Chen, L.; et al. Simultaneous stabilization of lithium anode and cathode using hyperconjugative electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202218970.
106. Xu, Q.; Li, T.; Ju, Z.; et al. Li2ZrF6-based electrolytes for durable lithium metal batteries. Nature 2025, 637, 339-46.
107. Tu, S.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Fast-charging capability of graphite-based lithium-ion batteries enabled by Li3P-based crystalline solid-electrolyte interphase. Nat. Energy. 2023, 8, 1365-74.
108. Liang, H.; Wang, L.; Song, Y.; et al. Manipulating ion transfer and interface stability by a bulk interphase framework for stable lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2303077.
109. Yoon, S. G.; Cavallaro, K. A.; Park, B. J.; Yook, H.; Han, J. W.; Mcdowell, M. T. Controlling solvation and solid-electrolyte interphase formation to enhance lithium interfacial kinetics at low temperatures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2302778.
110. Qin, M.; Zeng, Z.; Wu, Q.; et al. Microsolvating competition in Li+ solvation structure affording PC-based electrolyte with fast kinetics for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2406357.
111. Qin, M.; Liu, M.; Zeng, Z.; et al. Rejuvenating propylene carbonate-based electrolyte through nonsolvating interactions for wide-temperature Li-ions batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2022, 12, 2201801.
112. Tian, Y.; Tan, S.; Yang, C.; et al. Tailoring chemical composition of solid electrolyte interphase by selective dissolution for long-life micron-sized silicon anode. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 7247.
113. Tong, B.; Song, Z.; Wan, H.; et al. Sulfur-containing compounds as electrolyte additives for lithium-ion batteries. InfoMat 2021, 3, 1364-92.
114. Chen, K.; Shen, X.; Luo, L.; et al. Correlating the solvating power of solvents with the strength of ion-dipole interaction in electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202312373.
115. Wang, J.; Luo, J.; Wu, H.; et al. Visualizing and regulating dynamic evolution of interfacial electrolyte configuration during de-solvation process on lithium-metal anode. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202400254.
116. Lu, D.; Li, R.; Rahman, M. M.; et al. Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction. Nature 2024, 627, 101-7.
117. Gourdin, G.; Collins, J.; Zheng, D.; Foster, M.; Qu, D. Spectroscopic compositional analysis of electrolyte during initial SEI layer formation. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2014, 118, 17383-94.
118. Schroder, K. W.; Dylla, A. G.; Harris, S. J.; Webb, L. J.; Stevenson, K. J. Role of surface oxides in the formation of solid-electrolyte interphases at silicon electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2014, 6, 21510-24.
119. Shin, J.; Kim, T.; Lee, Y.; Cho, E. Key functional groups defining the formation of Si anode solid-electrolyte interphase towards high energy density Li-ion batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2020, 25, 764-81.
120. Soto, F.; Martinez De La Hoz, J.; Seminario, J.; Balbuena, P. Modeling solid-electrolyte interfacial phenomena in silicon anodes. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2016, 13, 179-85.
121. Augustsson, A.; Herstedt, M.; Guo, J.; et al. Solid electrolyte interphase on graphite Li-ion battery anodes studied by soft X-ray spectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2004, 6, 4185-9.
122. Zhuang, G. V.; Xu, K.; Yang, H.; Jow, T. R.; Ross, P. N. Lithium ethylene dicarbonate identified as the primary product of chemical and electrochemical reduction of EC in 1.2 M LiPF6/EC:EMC electrolyte. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2005, 109, 17567-73.
123. Aurbach, D.; Levi, M. D.; Levi, E.; Schechter, A. Failure and stabilization mechanisms of graphite electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B. 1997, 101, 2195-206.
124. Yang, J.; Solomatin, N.; Kraytsberg, A.; Ein-Eli, Y. In-situ spectro-electrochemical insight revealing distinctive silicon anode solid electrolyte interphase formation in a lithium-ion battery. ChemistrySelect 2016, 1, 572-6.
125. Andersson, A. M.; Edström, K. Chemical composition and morphology of the elevated temperature SEI on graphite. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2001, 148, A1100.
126. Yamaguchi, K.; Domi, Y.; Usui, H.; Sakaguchi, H. Elucidation of the reaction behavior of silicon negative electrodes in a bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide-based ionic liquid electrolyte. ChemElectroChem 2017, 4, 3257-63.
127. Shimizu, M.; Electrode Usui, H.; Suzumura, T.; Sakaguchi, H. Analysis of the deterioration mechanism of Si as a Li-ion battery anode using Raman microspectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015, 119, 2975-82.
128. Dedryvère, R.; Martinez, H.; Leroy, S.; et al. Surface film formation on electrodes in a LiCoO2/graphite cell: a step by step XPS study. J. Power. Sources. 2007, 174, 462-8.
129. Zhang, Y.; Krishnamurthy, D.; Viswanathan, V. Engineering solid electrolyte interphase composition by assessing decomposition pathways of fluorinated organic solvents in lithium metal batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167, 070554.
130. Zafar Abbas Manj, R.; Zhang, F.; Ur Rehman, W.; Luo, W.; Yang, J. Toward understanding the interaction within silicon-based anodes for stable lithium storage. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 385, 123821.
131. Yoon, T.; Milien, M. S.; Parimalam, B. S.; Lucht, B. L. Thermal decomposition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on silicon electrodes for lithium ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 3237-45.
132. Ein-eli, Y.; Markovsky, B.; Aurbach, D.; Carmeli, Y.; Yamin, H.; Luski, S. The dependence of the performance of Li-C intercalation anodes for Li-ion secondary batteries on the electrolyte solution composition. Electrochim. Acta. 1994, 39, 2559-69.
133. Koo, B.; Kim, H.; Cho, Y.; Lee, K. T.; Choi, N. S.; Cho, J. A highly cross-linked polymeric binder for high-performance silicon negative electrodes in lithium ion batteries. Angew. Chem. 2012, 124, 8892-7.
134. Komaba, S.; Shimomura, K.; Yabuuchi, N.; Ozeki, T.; Yui, H.; Konno, K. Study on polymer binders for high-capacity SiO negative electrode of Li-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011, 115, 13487-95.
135. Tokranov, A.; Sheldon, B. W.; Li, C.; Minne, S.; Xiao, X. In situ atomic force microscopy study of initial solid electrolyte interphase formation on silicon electrodes for Li-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2014, 6, 6672-86.
136. Leifer, N.; Smart, M. C.; Prakash, G. K. S.; et al. 13C solid state NMR suggests unusual breakdown products in sei formation on lithium ion electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011, 158, A471-80.
137. Gu, M.; Zhou, X.; Yang, Q.; et al. Anion-reinforced solvation structure enables stable operation of ether-based electrolyte in high-voltage potassium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202402946.
138. Yin, Y.; Arca, E.; Wang, L.; et al. Nonpassivated silicon anode surface. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020, 12, 26593-600.
139. Yoon, I.; Larson, J. M.; Kostecki, R. The effect of the SEI layer mechanical deformation on the passivity of a Si anode in organic carbonate electrolytes. ACS. Nano. 2023, 17, 6943-54.
140. Chen, Y.; Li, M.; Liu, Y.; et al. Origin of dendrite-free lithium deposition in concentrated electrolytes. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 2655.
141. Jiang, X.; Shi, X.; Yao, Y.; et al. Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for silicon anodes: from evolution to interface engineering and system-level optimization. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2026, 88, 105068.
142. Tan, J.; Matz, J.; Dong, P.; Shen, J.; Ye, M. A growing appreciation for the role of LiF in the solid electrolyte interphase. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2021, 11, 2100046.
143. Li, Y.; Qi, Y. Energy landscape of the charge transfer reaction at the complex Li/SEI/electrolyte interface. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1286-95.
144. Li, Z.; Chen, Y.; Yun, X.; Gao, P.; Zheng, C.; Xiao, P. Critical review of fluorinated electrolytes for high-performance lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2300502.
145. Jin, Y.; Le, P. M. L.; Gao, P.; et al. Low-solvation electrolytes for high-voltage sodium-ion batteries. Nat. Energy. 2022, 7, 718-25.
146. Li, Z.; Liao, Y.; Ji, H.; et al. A tetrahydropyran-based weakly solvating electrolyte for low-temperature and high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 15, 2404120.
147. Yang, Y.; Fang, Z.; Yin, Y.; et al. Synergy of weakly-solvated electrolyte and optimized interphase enables graphite anode charge at low temperature. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202208345.
148. Chen, J.; Fan, X.; Li, Q.; et al. Electrolyte design for LiF-rich solid-electrolyte interfaces to enable high-performance microsized alloy anodes for batteries. Nat. Energy. 2020, 5, 386-97.
149. Chen, Y.; Yu, Z.; Rudnicki, P.; et al. Steric effect tuned ion solvation enabling stable cycling of high-voltage lithium metal battery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 18703-13.
150. Yang, Y.; Li, Z.; Wang, J.; Zhao, H. Inorganic-polymeric gradient interphase enabled by electrolyte chemistry modulation for highly stable silicon anode. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 517, 164374.
151. Cao, X.; Jia, H.; Xu, W.; Zhang, J. Review - localized high-concentration electrolytes for lithium batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168, 010522.
152. Dong, X.; Lin, Y.; Li, P.; et al. High-energy rechargeable metallic lithium battery at -70 °C enabled by a cosolvent electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 5623-7.
153. Ren, X.; Gao, P.; Zou, L.; et al. Role of inner solvation sheath within salt-solvent complexes in tailoring electrode/electrolyte interphases for lithium metal batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2020, 117, 28603-13.
154. Yang, G.; Frisco, S.; Tao, R.; et al. Robust solid/electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on Si anodes using Glyme-based electrolytes. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2021, 6, 1684-93.
155. Yang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Li, Z.; Wang, J.; He, X.; Zhao, H. Rational electrolyte design for interfacial chemistry modulation to enable long-term cycling Si anode. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2302068.
156. Guo, Y.; Miao, M.; Wang, Y.; et al. A high-voltage and low-solvating electrolyte towards promising micro-Si/Ni-rich NMC full cells. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 67, 103258.
157. Mo, Y.; Liu, G.; Yin, Y.; et al. Fluorinated solvent molecule tuning enables fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2301285.
158. Chen, S.; Deng, Z.; Li, J.; et al. Tuning reaction kinetics of fluorinated molecules to construct robust solid electrolyte interphases on SiOx anode. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202413927.
159. Kim, M.; Moon, H.; Kim, S.; et al. Tunable solvation structures for fast charging of micron-Si anodes in energy-dense lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 511, 162079.
160. Okada, R.; Aoki, Y.; Oda, M.; Nakazawa, M.; Inaba, M.; Doi, T. Effective formation of superior surface films on Si negative electrodes in a highly concentrated fluorinated carbonate ester solvent/diluent electrolyte solution system. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2022, 6, 546-53.
161. Liu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Xu, X.; et al. Fluorinated solvent-coupled anion-derived interphase to stabilize silicon microparticle anodes for high-energy-density batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2303667.
162. Peng, C.; Yang, X.; Tang, W.; et al. Fluorinated solvent coupled anions-derived hybrid interphase enabled highly reversible and cryogenic silicon anode. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2025, 699, 138146.
163. Zhang, W.; Zhang, S.; Fan, L.; et al. Tuning the LUMO energy of an organic interphase to stabilize lithium metal batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2019, 4, 644-50.
164. Cao, Z.; Zheng, X.; Zhou, M.; et al. Electrolyte solvation engineering toward high-rate and low-temperature silicon-based batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2022, 7, 3581-92.
165. Yang, J.; Wang, S.; Song, S.; et al. Cyclable micron-sized silicon-based lithium-ion batteries at -40 °C enabled by temperature-dependent solvation regulation. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2501807.
166. Peng, X.; Liu, B.; Chen, J.; Jian, Q.; Li, Y.; Zhao, T. A steric-hindrance-induced weakly solvating electrolyte boosting the cycling performance of a micrometer-sized silicon anode. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 3586-94.
167. Geng, J.; Ni, Z.; Jiang, L.; et al. Engineering compact solvation structure of nonflammable electrolyte via an asymmetric fluorinated ether to enable stable high-voltage lithium-ion batteries with micron-sized silicon anodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e32086.
168. Kim, D.; Han, J.; Park, S.; Kim, H.; Yoo, J. Anion-dominant coordinated weakly solvating ether electrolyte for silicon anodes. J. Power. Sources. 2026, 668, 239374.
169. Liu, Q.; Sun, Y.; Li, M.; et al. Branched ether-driven electrolyte engineering for resilient inorganic-polymeric interface on micro-silicon anodes in high-energy Li-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 36, e13046.
170. Chen, Y.; Chen, X.; Yao, N.; et al. A molecular review on weakly solvating electrolytes for lithium batteries. Materials. Today. 2025, 85, 304-18.
171. Zhang, J. H.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, Z. Y.; et al. Dampening lithium charge density by clustering solvents and anions to tame lithium de-coordination energy for low-temperature lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2026, 16, e05551.
172. Li, X.; Luo, F.; Zhou, N.; et al. Weakly solvating electrolytes for lithium and post-lithium rechargeable batteries: progress and outlook. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2025, 15, 2501272.
173. Tiwari, R.; Kumar, D.; Verma, D. K.; et al. Fundamental chemical and physical properties of electrolytes in energy storage devices: a review. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 81, 110361.
174. Cui, Z.; Jia, Z.; Ruan, D.; et al. Molecular anchoring of free solvents for high-voltage and high-safety lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 2033.
175. You, Q.; Sun, Y.; Wang, F.; Cheng, J.; Tang, F. Decoding the competing effects of dynamic solvation structures on nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of battery electrolytes via machine learning. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 14667-76.
176. Yao, N.; Chen, X.; Fu, Z.; Zhang, Q. Applying classical, ab initio, and machine-learning molecular dynamics simulations to the liquid electrolyte for rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 10970-1021.
177. Yang, Y.; Yao, N.; Gao, Y. C.; et al. Data-knowledge-dual-driven electrolyte design for fast-charging lithium ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202505212.
178. Macfarlane, D. R.; Forsyth, M.; Howlett, P. C.; et al. Ionic liquids and their solid-state analogues as materials for energy generation and storage. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 15005.
179. Huang, G.; Liao, Y.; Zhao, X.; et al. Tuning a solvation structure of lithium ions coordinated with nitrate anions through ionic liquid-based solvent for highly stable lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 33, 2211364.
180. Sun, C.; Li, R.; Weng, S.; et al. Reduction-tolerance electrolyte design for high-energy lithium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202400761.
181. Xu, L.; Han, X.; Sung, J.; et al. 4.5-V-class safe lithium-ion batteries with silicon-majority-graphite anodes enabled by self-limiting interphase. Adv. Mater. 2025, 38, e15562.
182. Haregewoin, A. M.; Wotango, A. S.; Hwang, B. Electrolyte additives for lithium ion battery electrodes: progress and perspectives. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1955-88.
183. Xiao, H.; Li, X.; Fu, Y. Advances in anion chemistry in the electrolyte design for better lithium batteries. Nano-Micro. Lett. 2025, 17, 149.
184. Hou, R.; Guo, S.; Zhou, H. Atomic insights into advances and issues in low-temperature electrolytes. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2300053.
185. Shen, S.; Chai, D.; Li, X.; Fu, Y. The synergistic effect of anion: design of stable ether electrolytes for li metal batteries beyond 4.6 V. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2424072.
186. Li, T.; Zhang, X. Q.; Yao, N.; et al. Stable anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 22683-7.
187. Liang, J. Y.; Zhang, Y.; Xin, S.; et al. Mitigating swelling of the solid electrolyte interphase using an inorganic anion switch for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202300384.
188. Kim, H.; Kim, T. H.; Kim, W.; Park, S. S.; Jeong, G. Interface engineering with nonsacrificial perfluorinated-anion additives for boosting the kinetics of lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2023, 15, 9212-20.
189. Philippe, B.; Dedryvère, R.; Gorgoi, M.; Rensmo, H.; Gonbeau, D.; Edström, K. Role of the LiPF6 salt for the long-term stability of silicon electrodes in Li-ion batteries - a photoelectron spectroscopy study. Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 394-404.
190. Zhang, J.; Yue, X.; Wu, Z.; et al. A LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase in a routine carbonate electrolyte by tuning the interfacial chemistry behavior of LiPF6 for stable Li metal anodes. Nano. Lett. 2023, 23, 9609-17.
191. Chen, Y.; Ma, Z.; Wang, Y.; et al. Trace ethylene carbonate-mediated low-concentration ether-based electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 5613-26.
192. Song, G.; Yi, Z.; Su, F.; et al. Boosting the low-temperature performance for Li-ion batteries in LiPF6-based local high-concentration electrolyte. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 1336-43.
193. Jia, H.; Gao, P.; Zou, L.; et al. Controlling ion coordination structure and diffusion kinetics for optimized electrode-electrolyte interphases and high-performance Si anodes. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 8956-64.
194. Zhang, K.; Tian, Y.; Wei, C.; An, Y.; Feng, J. Building stable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) for microsized silicon anode and 5V-class cathode with salt engineered nonflammable phosphate-based lithium-ion battery electrolyte. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 553, 149566.
195. Zhou, M.; Liu, W.; Su, Q.; et al. Ionic liquid additive mitigating lithium loss and aluminum corrosion for high-voltage anode-free lithium metal batteries. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 32959-72.
196. Stehle, P.; Rutz, D.; Bazzoun, A. M.; Vrankovic, D.; Anjass, M. The optimal amount of lithium difluorophosphate as an additive for Si-dominant anodes in an application-oriented setup. ChemSusChem 2023, 17, e202301153.
197. Yu, W.; Lin, K.; Boyle, D. T.; et al. Electrochemical formation of bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-derived solid-electrolyte interphase at Li-metal potential. Nature. Chem. 2024, 17, 246-55.
198. Li, J. L.; Zhang, X. Q.; Yu, P. P.; et al. Patching solid electrolyte interphase via modulating anion decomposition reactions for stable lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 65, e25130.
199. Chang, Z. H.; Wang, J. T.; Wu, Z. H.; Gao, M.; Wu, S. J.; Lu, S. G. The electrochemical performance of silicon nanoparticles in concentrated electrolyte. ChemSusChem 2018, 11, 1787-96.
200. Sankaran, A.; Laffir, F.; Maresca, G.; et al. Symmetric Vs asymmetric imide anion decomposition pathways and their influence on solid electrolyte interphase stability for Si anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 65, e22709.
201. Jiang, Z.; Yang, T.; Li, C.; et al. Synergistic additives enabling stable cycling of ether electrolyte in 4.4 V Ni-rich/Li metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2306868.
202. Lu, Z.; Liu, D.; Dai, K.; et al. Tailoring solvation chemistry in carbonate electrolytes for all-climate, high-voltage lithium-rich batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2023, 57, 316-25.
203. Xu, M.; Zhou, L.; Hao, L.; Xing, L.; Li, W.; Lucht, B. L. Investigation and application of lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB) as additive to improve the thermal stability of electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2011, 196, 6794-801.
204. Wang, W.; Zheng, C.; Zhang, S.; et al. Molten salt electrolyte enables micro-sized silicon anode in lithium-ion batteries. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2025, 9, e70111.
205. Chen, S.; Wu, G.; Jiang, H.; et al. External Li supply reshapes Li deficiency and lifetime limit of batteries. Nature 2025, 638, 676-83.
206. Zhang, A.; Yang, E.; Bi, Z.; et al. Unlocking 4.7 V LiCoO2 with a counterintuitive low-concentration fluoroborate dual-salt electrolyte by anion-derived interfacial chemistry. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2025, 10, 1245-54.
207. Kang, D. W.; Moon, J.; Choi, H.; Shin, H.; Kim, B. G. Stable cycling and uniform lithium deposition in anode-free lithium-metal batteries enabled by a high-concentration dual-salt electrolyte with high LiNO3 content. J. Power. Sources. 2021, 490, 229504.
208. Lv, L.; Wang, Y.; Huang, W.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, G.; Zheng, H. Effect of lithium salt type on silicon anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2022, 413, 140159.
209. Cao, W.; Chen, W.; Lu, M.; et al. In situ generation of Li3N concentration gradient in 3D carbon-based lithium anodes towards highly-stable lithium metal batteries. J. Energy. Chem. 2023, 76, 648-56.
210. Ye, S.; Wang, L.; Liu, F.; et al. g-C3N4 derivative artificial organic/inorganic composite solid electrolyte interphase layer for stable lithium metal anode. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2020, 10, 2002647.
211. Yang, W.; Li, S.; Liu, Y.; et al. Selective interfacial polymerization improves reversibility of Si anodes. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 514, 163168.
212. Xu, C.; Jing, P.; Deng, Z.; et al. Rectifying solid electrolyte interphase structure for stable multi-dimensional silicon anodes. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2025, 74, 103911.
213. Cao, Z.; Zheng, X.; Qu, Q.; Huang, Y.; Zheng, H. Electrolyte design enabling a high-safety and high-performance Si anode with a tailored electrode-electrolyte interphase. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2103178.
214. Etacheri, V.; Haik, O.; Goffer, Y.; et al. Effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) on the performance and surface chemistry of Si-nanowire Li-ion battery anodes. Langmuir 2011, 28, 965-76.
215. Liu, J.; Hao, W.; Fang, M.; et al. Screening of F-containing electrolyte additives and clarifying their decomposition routes for stable Li metal anodes. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 9356.
216. Martin, L.; Martinez, H.; Ulldemolins, M.; Pecquenard, B.; Le Cras, F. Evolution of the Si electrode/electrolyte interface in lithium batteries characterized by XPS and AFM techniques: the influence of vinylene carbonate additive. Solid. State. Ionics. 2012, 215, 36-44.
217. Chen, L.; Wang, K.; Xie, X.; Xie, J. Effect of vinylene carbonate (VC) as electrolyte additive on electrochemical performance of Si film anode for lithium ion batteries. J. Power. Sources. 2007, 174, 538-43.
218. Aurbach, D.; Gamolsky, K.; Markovsky, B.; Gofer, Y.; Schmidt, M.; Heider, U. On the use of vinylene carbonate (VC) as an additive to electrolyte solutions for Li-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2002, 47, 1423-39.
219. Gogoi, N.; Lundström, R.; Hernández, G.; Berg, E. J. Base-driven ring-opening reactions of vinylene carbonate. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2024, 171, 050506.
220. Wang, Y.; Nakamura, S.; Tasaki, K.; Balbuena, P. B. Theoretical studies to understand surface chemistry on carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: how does vinylene carbonate play its role as an electrolyte additive? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4408-21.
221. Son, H. B.; Jeong, M.; Han, J.; et al. Effect of reductive cyclic carbonate additives and linear carbonate co-solvents on fast chargeability of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/graphite cells. J. Power. Sources. 2018, 400, 147-56.
222. Park, S.; Jeong, S. Y.; Lee, T. K.; et al. Replacing conventional battery electrolyte additives with dioxolone derivatives for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 838.
223. Li, Z.; Kong, L.; Peng, C.; Feng, W. Gas-phase fluorination of conjugated microporous polymer microspheres for effective interfacial stabilization in lithium metal anodes. Carbon. Energy. 2023, 5, e354.
224. Tripathi, R.; Yesilbas, G.; Lamprecht, X.; et al. Understanding the electrolyte chemistry induced enhanced stability of Si anodes in Li-ion batteries based on Physico-chemical changes, impedance, and stress evolution during SEI formation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2023, 170, 090544.
225. Puget, M.; Shcherbakov, V.; Denisov, S.; et al. Reaction mechanisms of the degradation of fluoroethylene carbonate, an additive of lithium-ion batteries, unraveled by radiation chemistry. Chem. Eur. J. 2021, 27, 8185-94.
226. Michan, A. L.; Parimalam, B. S.; Leskes, M.; et al. Fluoroethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate reduction: understanding lithium-ion battery electrolyte additives and solid electrolyte interphase formation. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 8149-59.
227. Sprowl, L. H.; Árnadóttir, L.; Chan, M. K. Y. Fluoroethylene carbonate breakdown mechanisms and energetics on two lithium silicide surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2019, 123, 26743-51.
228. Shkrob, I. A.; Wishart, J. F.; Abraham, D. P. What makes fluoroethylene carbonate different? J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015, 119, 14954-64.
229. Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Tu, Y.; Wang, Q. Reductive decomposition of solvents and additives toward solid-electrolyte interphase formation in lithium-ion battery. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2020, 124, 9099-108.
230. Liu, D.; Qian, K.; He, Y.; et al. Positive film-forming effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) on high-voltage cycling with three-electrode LiCoO2/Graphite pouch cell. Electrochim. Acta. 2018, 269, 378-87.
231. Jin, Y.; Kneusels, N. H.; Marbella, L. E.; et al. Understanding fluoroethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate based electrolytes for Si anodes in lithium ion batteries with NMR spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 9854-67.
232. Kim, J.; Chae, O. B.; Lucht, B. L. Perspective - structure and stability of the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon anodes of lithium-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168, 030521.
233. Haridas, A. K.; Nguyen, Q. A.; Terlier, T.; Blaser, R.; Biswal, S. L. Investigating the compatibility of TTMSP and FEC electrolyte additives for LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC)-silicon lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021, 13, 2662-73.
234. Li, Y.; Cao, Z.; Wang, Y.; et al. New Insight into the role of fluoro-ethylene carbonate in suppressing Li-trapping for Si anodes in lithium-ion batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 4193-203.
235. Liu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, S.; et al. Solvation-shell engineering enables additive-dominated coordination for stable silicon anodes under minimal salt conditions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 65, e18092.
236. Kim, J.; Yi, R.; Cao, X.; et al. Extending calendar life of Si-based lithium-ion batteries by a localized high concentration electrolyte. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2024, 9, 2318-25.
237. Quinn, J.; Kim, J. M.; Yi, R.; Zhang, J. G.; Xiao, J.; Wang, C. Fluoro-ethylene-carbonate plays a double-edged role on the stability of Si anode-based rechargeable batteries during cycling and calendar aging. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2402625.
238. Shen, J.; Chen, H.; Yu, L.; Huang, D.; Luo, Z. 4, 5-difluoro-1, 3-dioxolan-2-one as an film forming additive on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2/SiO@C full cells. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2019, 834, 1-7.
239. Ma, Y.; Dai, Z.; Chang, Q.; et al. Freeze-resistant electrolyte with smart ion-pairing enables robust silicon anodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries at low temperature. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 528, 172063.
240. Yang, Y.; Wang, J.; Li, Z.; Yang, Z.; Wang, B.; Zhao, H. Constructing LiF-dominated interphases with polymer interwoven outer layer enables long-term cycling of Si anodes. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 7666-76.
241. Deng, Y.; Li, C.; Guo, R.; et al. Breaking kinetic barriers in silicon anodes via strategic electrolyte additive engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 35, 2415820.
242. He, S.; Huang, S.; Liu, X.; et al. Electrolyte design for robust gradient solid-electrolyte interfaces to enable high-performance silicon anodes for pouch batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 489, 150620.
243. Ou, Y.; Hou, W.; Zhu, D.; et al. Molecular design of electrolyte additives for high-voltage fast-charging lithium metal batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 1464-76.
244. Li, X.; Gilbert, J. A.; Trask, S. E.; et al. Investigating ternary Li-Mg-Si zintl phase formation and evolution for Si anodes in Li-ion batteries with Mg(TFSI)2 electrolyte additive. Chem. Mater. 2021, 33, 4960-70.
245. Han, B.; Liao, C.; Dogan, F.; et al. Using mixed salt electrolytes to stabilize silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries via in situ formation of Li-M-Si Ternaries (M = Mg, Zn, Al, Ca). ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019, 11, 29780-90.
246. Hüger, E.; Uxa, D.; Yang, F.; Schmidt, H. The lithiation onset of amorphous silicon thin-film electrodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2022, 121, 133901.
247. Wu, Y.; Ge, G.; Wang, S.; Xiong, L.; He, Z. Formation mechanisms of solid electrolyte interphase and its influence on lithium battery performance. Mater. Today. Energy. 2025, 54, 102124.
248. Wang, A.; Wang, L.; Liang, H.; et al. Lithium difluorophosphate as a widely applicable additive to boost lithium-ion batteries: a perspective. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2211958.
249. Kim, J. W.; Seong, M. J.; Park, D. W.; Jeong, G.; Yim, T. Anti-corrosive and surface-stabilizing functional electrolyte containing LiFSI and LiPO2F2 for SiO /NCM811-based batteries. Corros. Sci. 2022, 198, 110117.
250. Lee, J. A.; Kim, S.; Cho, Y.; et al. Compositionally sequenced interfacial layers for high-energy Li-metal batteries. Adv. Sci. 2024, 11, 2310094.
251. Chen, Y.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, Q.; et al. Armoring LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode with reliable fluorinated organic-inorganic hybrid interphase layer toward durable high rate battery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000396.
252. Zhang, Y.; Lai, P.; Deng, X.; Zhang, P.; Zhao, J. Anion-oriented solvation regulation of a dual-salt electrolyte for lithium metal batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 507, 160482.
253. Kwon, H.; Kim, S.; Hyun, J.; et al. Covariance of interphasic properties and fast chargeability of energy-dense lithium metal batteries. Nat. Energy. 2025, 10, 1132-45.
254. Kang, Z.; Wang, S.; Wu, G.; et al. Nitrogen-centered organic salts enable stable lithium-ion supply for high-energy-density batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 30591-8.
255. Zhou, P.; Ou, Y.; Feng, Q.; et al. Tuning the nucleophilicity of anion in lithium salt to enable an anion-rich solvation sheath for stable lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 35, 2416800.
256. Lu, Y.; Cao, Q.; Zhang, W.; et al. Breaking the molecular symmetricity of sulfonimide anions for high-performance lithium metal batteries under extreme cycling conditions. Nat. Energy. 2026, 1679.
257. Xu, J.; Koverga, V.; Phan, A.; et al. Revealing the anion-solvent interaction for ultralow temperature lithium metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 2023, 36, 2306462.
258. Wang, S.; He, Y.; Zhang, G.; et al. Multifunctional silicon-based composite electrolyte additive enhances the stability of the lithium metal anode/electrolyte interface. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2401384.
259. Lan, X.; Yang, S.; Meng, T.; Zhang, C.; Hu, X. A multifunctional electrolyte additive with solvation structure regulation and electrode/electrolyte interface manipulation enabling high-performance Li-ion batteries in wide temperature range. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2023, 13, 2203449.
260. Hou, T.; Yang, G.; Rajput, N. N.; et al. The influence of FEC on the solvation structure and reduction reaction of LiPF6/EC electrolytes and its implication for solid electrolyte interphase formation. Nano. Energy. 2019, 64, 103881.
261. Yang, B.; Hu, A.; Li, T.; et al. Eliminating water hazards and regulating electrode-electrolyte interfaces by multifunctional sacrificial electrolyte additives for long-life lithium metal batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 70, 103512.
262. Ding, L.; Chen, Y.; Sheng, Y.; Yue, X.; Liang, Z. Eliminating hydrogen fluoride through piperidine-doped separators for stable Li metal batteries with nickel-rich cathodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202411933.
263. Jiang, S.; Li, R.; Chen, L.; et al. Deciphering the purification additive chemistries for ultra-stable high-voltage lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2417285.
264. Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Ji, H.; et al. Optimizing Si-O conjugation to enhance interfacial kinetics for low-temperature rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2412155.
265. Chen, Y. P.; Niu, Y. L.; Zheng, Z.; et al. Origin of anion-rich solvation structures in siloxane electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202508152.
266. Wang, Y.; Ni, Y.; Xu, S.; et al. Fully methylated siloxane-based electrolyte for practical lithium metal batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 10772-83.
267. Zhu, X.; Chen, J.; Liu, G.; et al. Non-fluorinated cyclic ether-based electrolyte with quasi-conjugate effect for high-performance lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 64, e202412859.
268. Wang, Y.; Cao, Z.; Ma, Z.; et al. Weak solvent-solvent interaction enables high stability of battery electrolyte. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 1477-84.
269. Liu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, H.; et al. Regulating solvating sites for stable high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202506395.
270. Li, G. X.; Lyu, X.; Nguyen, A.; et al. Fine-tuning Li-ion solvation structure by enhanced solvent-diluent interactions for long-cycling lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2025, 15, 2405680.
271. Ma, B.; Zhang, H.; Li, R.; et al. Molecular-docking electrolytes enable high-voltage lithium battery chemistries. Nature. Chem. 2024, 16, 1427-35.
